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•High-efficient buildings and NZEB need operable and adaptive building components.•Multi-objective requisites are energy-saving, use of renewables, and indoor comfort.•DSF and ...responsive components can be useful for both retrofits and new buildings.•Recent examples of applications to both new and retrofit designs are reviewed.•Experiments and numerical studies should optimize design and management.
The building sector is – directly or indirectly – the first pillar for application of technologies aimed at reducing energy wastes. To achieve sustainable growth goals, worldwide, the building stock needs to be re-developed from the energy viewpoint. This study focuses the attention on the building envelope, since it is the primary subsystem through which energy losses occur between inside and outside environments, by reviewing and discussing the most recent and cutting-edge researches in matter of double-skin and responsive façades for the building retrofit. Each study is investigated by characterizing the technology, the location (i.e., the climatic conditions) and season of analysis, the building intended use and the main findings. The objective is identifying potentialities and recurrent benefits related to the discussed retrofit solutions – such as reduction of energy consumption and CO2-equivalent emissions, exploitation of renewables, conceptual transformation of the building envelope – but also barriers and criticalities – such as overheating risk, lower efficiency of transparent photovoltaics compared to traditional ones, high cost of responsive elements – which have to be addressed and solved in the future. In this vein, a comprehensive snapshot of the evolution of building envelope retrofit solutions is provided with original insights into current and future trends with a view to low- (or zero-) energy buildings. Despite the critical aspects and barriers to overcome, the potential advantages make most of the addressed technologies an important tool to achieve the sustainable renovation of the existing building stock, and therefore their potentialities must be deeply investigated and understood.
Currently, several façade systems exist to enable sustainable building design. The biggest challenges for façade designers are to identify new technology and effective, sustainable systems that ...enable high structural and sustainable performance while producing a good aesthetic. Therefore, this paper aims to review the performance of existing façade systems for sustainable building designs and their limitations. Among modern façade systems, Double Skin Façades (DSF) show promise for energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and aesthetics. However, they face challenges like sound transmission between floors, higher initial costs, and outer skin vibrations. Furthermore, adaptive façades gained popularity for their active methods of achieving energy performance and comfort benefits but encountered complexities in design and construction, demanding codes and standards. Green wall systems enhance air quality and aesthetics, while photovoltaic façade systems reduce electricity costs, but both systems face higher initial costs and maintenance challenges. The review indicates that to produce a sustainable building design, architects, engineers, and builders must consider a sustainable façade system that enables high energy efficiency, less cost, better occupant comfort, and fewer environmental impacts.
Extreme heat and heavy rainfall events with severe inundations have a significant impact on urban architecture, resulting in considerable personal injuries and material damage. Nowadays, the ...proportion of façade surface in urban areas with tall buildings is substantially larger than the proportion of horizontal roof or ground surface areas. A high leverage effect on climate resilience and sustainability of buildings and cities can therefore be attributed to the building envelopes. Whereas the majority of existing façades are designed to provide only minor qualities at a district or urban level, research at the Institute for Lightweight Structures and Conceptual Design (ILEK) at the University of Stuttgart focuses on development of a new type of hydroactive lightweight façades incorporating climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. A textile‐ and film‐based façade element called HydroSKIN is capable of providing a retention surface on the envelope of the building. With a minimal amount of embedded mass, energy, and CO2 emissions, the façade add‐on element is suitable for both new and existing buildings. HydroSKIN combines rainwater harvesting (RWH) and run‐off water reduction by retaining the precipitation water that strikes the façade with a time‐delayed evaporative cooling (EC) of the building and its environment.
Building occupants interact frequently with façades. These interactions simultaneously affect several domains of the indoor environment (visual, thermal, air quality and acoustic) and occupant ...perception, as well as the energy performance of the façades. Yet this multi-domain relationship between façade and occupant is not well understood. This gap in knowledge is particularly problematic for dynamic façades, where automated controls endeavour to improve the energy efficiency and reduce occupant dissatisfaction. In particular, it is often unclear whether an integrated multi-domain approach is strictly required when evaluating occupant satisfaction with automated or manual dynamic façades. This research provides a “proof-of-principle” that such an approach is required. This conclusion was drawn after performing. small exploratory campaign conducted in a test chamber designed specifically for occupant-façade interaction in which several human volunteers were exposed to alternative façade typologies (a single-skin façade and a closed cavity façade) and different control strategies (manual control and automated control). As expected, the results show that the effects on the indoor environmental quality, occupant satisfaction and discomfort vary in space and time, and between the façade typologies investigated. It was also found that occupant satisfaction was not only affected by whether a certain thermal or visual condition had been reached, but also on how it had been achieved, e.g. whether the actuation was perceived as disruptive by the occupants. Finally, the results show that occupant satisfaction and the level of interaction in one domain may be affected by satisfaction in other domains.
•Proof-of-principle of integrated multi-domain assessment of façade performance.•Occupant interaction with façades affects occupant satisfaction and façade performance.•Single-domain comfort assessment may provide incomplete evaluation of façade performance.•Excluding occupant interaction may lead to incomplete evaluation of façade performance.
Façades represent both a physical barrier between inside and out, and a phenomenological medium to manifest architecture in terms of style, impression, school of thought or personal statement of ...their designers. With recent advancement in technology, facades are presenting themselves more and more as a canvas to put the idea of integrated design into practice and that is where the idea of Integrated Façade System (IFS), in general, and photovoltaic (PV) integrated shading devices, in particular, are probably born. This paper sets out to review the-state-of-the-art literature on integrated PV shading devices and their application to highly and fully glazed façades with an aim to investigate the influential factors, parameters and strategies as well as assessment methods and indicators for measuring energy performance of buildings where such technologies are used, by means of systems theory approach. 49 papers were found and reviewed for this study and some unexpected outcomes were revealed. The results indicate that most of the research is about how calibration of the parameters influences the performance of the system. It also reveals that there are very few studies on the PV integrated shading devices where a holistic approach has been used for system evaluation which take comprehensive account of all influential factors. Based on the findings of this paper, it is advisable that there is a need for more in-depth study of system configurations under the specific circumstances which are highlighted in this paper.
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•Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film with a thin gold surface coating.•Reversible micro-scale surface cracks modulate light transmission upon actuation.•The technology can achieve a ...ΔSHGC of up to 0.34 when actuated pneumatically.•A clear view to the exterior is provided at any state of material actuation.•The low-cost film can easily be implemented in existing ETFE façade structures.
Thermal regulation of buildings in climates with daily and seasonal weather changes can prove challenging and result in high building energy consumption. While adaptable façades with tunable infrared transmitting properties could modulate solar transmittance through the building envelope and, as such, increase energy efficiency, available technologies to meet these needs are often expensive, relatively complicated, and challenging to implement in a lightweight form factor.
Motivated by these limitations, this report presents a novel tunable light-modulating technology for energy-efficient pneumatic façades in the form of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film with a thin gold surface coating. Sequential stretching and relaxing of this film results in strain-induced microscale surface cracks that can significantly modulate both visible and near infrared light transmission, and consequently, the material’s solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC).
The material’s tunability has shown a significant potential to reduce building energy use, as assessed with building simulation software. The technology offers additional advantages for light modulation in pneumatic façades including real-time operation, ease of implementation and control, and predictable performance. Façade design guidelines for the integration of the infrared-regulating film into ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) building envelopes and climate suitability are described, and a critical evaluation of material durability, optical clarity, and material costs are provided.
This article presents the state of the knowledge on the thermal analysis of double skin facades with integrated photovoltaic (PV) panels called the Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in terms ...of the published studies carried out on these systems. The idea of integration of the PV panels by replacing building elements, increase the prospects of the renewable energy systems. Taking also into account the need to use more renewable energy systems in buildings, the investigation of the BIPV systems to improve their performance is of a great importance. The literature studies are separated into experimental and theoretical for naturally ventilated systems and mechanically ventilated with external means e.g. fan use. It is concluded that most researchers studied the systems with mechanical ventilation rather than the systems with natural ventilation because the latter are more complex in terms of the air flow behaviour in the air duct. Additionally, various researchers proposed Nu number correlations and convective heat transfer correlation under several assumptions and conditions every time, for different range or Ra number which are presented and compared in this paper.
•Various studies investigated the heat transfer analysis of double skin facades and air flow in open ducts.•Comparison of Nu number correlations from literature and discussion of the convective heat transfer coefficients.•The optimum air gap between for a BIPV system.•The range of the Nu number in double skin facades and the expected range of heat transfer coefficients.
every hunter Константин Лидин; Елена Григорьева
Proekt Bajkal,
03/2022, Letnik:
19, Številka:
71
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The color component of the urban environment is the most flexible and sensitive to changes. Of course, it is easier to repaint façades than to change the street pattern. Especially with the arsenal ...of tools offered by modern technologies. As lighting of streets and squares changes, facades also become variable, turning into gigantic screens before our eyes. Will we be able to keep the technological breakthrough within reasonable ethical and aesthetic limits? Experts from Sofia, Moscow and Smolensk are looking for answers to this question.
Façade design optimization has a significant impact on promoting resilient solar harvesting methods in urban areas. This study introduces a new framework toward the optimal inclusion of microalgae ...photobioreactors in different façade geometries by developing a detailed chemical kinetics model aided by optimization techniques. Although algal bioreactive façades in recent literature are restricted to flat façades, the present study reveals that bioenergy generation can be enhanced by up to 29.6 % through optimized folded façades. Hooke-Jeeves algorithm demonstrates remarkable computational efficiency in optimizing such façades, achieving the optimal outcome with only 88 function evaluations. However, the Hooke-Jeeves algorithm has limitations when applied to free-form façades by displaying noticeable instability and reporting an optimal value approximately 40 % lower than Genetic Algorithms. Hooke-Jeeves algorithm has the possibility to conclude misleading outcomes as optimal points. This is mitigated by applying multiple initial points and verifying the outcomes with graphical optimization. In terms of energy performance, free-form façades have higher irradiation of up to 210 W/m2 compared to 180 W/m2 for flat façades. Optimal distribution of renewable modules on free-form façades increases energy generation by 14.3 %. South-facing façades produce the highest bioenergy at 2.4 W/m2, while west and east orientations generate the lowest at 0.8 W/m2.
Osirys is a European Research Project where a holistic solution for façades and interior partitions ready to be applied in building retrofitting and new construction has been developed. The project ...uses biocomposites as the base material to define different products: a multilayer façade, a curtain wall, a window, and an interior partition. The biocomposites developed have different functionalities able to meet the strictest requisites of the European Building Codes in relation to fire and structural performance, improve indoor air quality through the elimination of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and microorganisms, increase thermal insulation, and increase the durability of construction elements. The new systems are lighter than traditional ones, leading to reductions in overall weight, thereby reducing implementation costs during both manufacturing and assembly processes, thanks to an industrialised concept that utilises modular elements. The project was developed with the collaboration of 18 European partners (5 research centres, 9 SMEs, 2 large industries, and 2 public bodies). The main activities were devoted to the establishment of requirements, the development of materials, the design of products, the integration of materials into products, the verification of properties by simulation and testing according to EU standards, the integration of products into real buildings, and economic and environmental assessment. The scope of this paper is to provide a general overview of the entire project work and results to demonstrate the feasibility of using biocomposites in envelope solutions with the aim of solving some of the main problems that exist in façade traditional solutions. The project finishes with the implementation of the developments in real buildings as prototypes; further research is required before industrial scale manufacturing of the systems can be launched into the market.
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