Abstract High facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) has been associated with a cluster of behavioural traits in men, including aggression and status-striving. This association between face structure ...and behaviour may be caused by testosterone. Here we investigated the relationship of both baseline and reactive testosterone levels to fWHR. In addition, we investigated the link between testosterone and three well-characterised sexually dimorphic facial metrics. Testosterone was measured in one sample of males (n = 185) before and after a speed-dating event. An additional sample provided only baseline testosterone measures (n = 92). fWHR was positively associated with testosterone reactions to potential mate exposure and marginally associated with baseline testosterone in Sample 1. We found a positive association with baseline testosterone and fWHR in Sample 2. In addition, face-width-to-lower-height ratio was positively associated with testosterone in both samples, suggesting that, in particular, facial width (scaled by two measures of facial height) is associated with testosterone. Importantly, our results also indicate that there is no association between adult testosterone and the sexual dimorphism of face shape. Thus, while our findings question the status of sexual dimorphism as a proxy measure of testosterone, they do provide evidence that testosterone is linked to fWHR and might underlie the relationship between fWHR and behaviour.
Prior research has shown that the face's width‐to‐height ratio (fWHR) and the voice's pitch influence social perception. Yet, the relative contribution of either cue has been largely unexplored. We ...examined the simultaneous effects of fWHR and pitch on social evaluations. Experiment 1 (N = 102) tested how such cues shaped global impressions. Experiment 2 (N = 121) tested fWHR and pitch's effect on behavioural affiliative intentions, framing social interaction as a physical or an intellectual competition. Experiment 3 (N = 57) assessed whether variations in fWHR and pitch could influence trait attribution (i.e., physical formidability and intelligence). Individuals with large faces or low‐pitched voices elicited negative impressions, positive behavioural intentions in a physical competition, and the attribution of stronger formidability but lower intelligence. Across the studies, cues exerted independent effects. The implications of these findings for research on cross‐modal social perception are discussed.
We investigated conceptual overlap between literature demonstrating links between adult facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR) and behavior and that demonstrating links between infant FWHR and ...temperament by investigating whether babyfaceness is associated with FWHR and behavior at both ages. Babyfaceness was positively correlated with FWHR in both infants and adults. Babyfaceness also was correlated with an infant temperament that is a precursor of bolder behavior in childhood and adulthood, just as a broader infant FWHR was previously shown to be. These results call into question existing explanations for relationships between facial appearance and adult assertive or aggressive behavior. Previously, behavioral correlates of adult FWHR have been attributed to influences of pubertal testosterone, and correlates of adult babyfaceness have been attributed to compensation for undesirable stereotypes. Our findings indicate that the pre-natal developmental influences required to explain appearance–temperament relationships in infancy also should be considered as explanations for appearance–behavior relationships in adulthood.
•FWHR in infancy predicts same personality qualities as FWHR and babyfaceness in adulthood.•Prenatal factors influence relationship of adult FWHR or babyfaceness to behavior.•Pinpointing the prenatal influences we found will elucidate impactful individual differences.
Problem. The problems of designing, and especially improving, mechanical gears are of key importance in modern mechanical engineering and automotive transport. Gear transmissions are quite widespread ...relative to other mechanical transmissions because they have a number of crucial advantages. Gear transmissions are widely used in a variety of drives for vehicle components and assemblies, with modern development trends aimed at reducing their weight and size. As the size of the transmission decreases, the dimensions of other parts and assemblies also decrease, and, accordingly, their cost. Therefore, research related to the study of the interdependence of the main parameters of gears for the purpose of their further optimization does not lose its relevance. Goal. The main purpose of this work is to study the dependence of the mass and dimensions of the gears under study on their main parameters. Knowing the influence of various characteristics on the mass, it is possible to provide recommendations for the design of gears to achieve their optimal (smallest) dimensions, which leads to a number of significant advantages. Methodology. First of all, a rather detailed analysis of the scientific literature is performed in order to identify the main statements regarding the influence of certain parameters on the mass and dimensions of the designed gear. The very dependencies of the gear mass on its various characteristics are found by applying a numerical method that is entirely based on the known design dependencies for the design calculation of gears. Also, to compare the results obtained analytically, the method of calculating the mass and dimensions by creating 3D models of gears in the "Autodesk Inventor" environment is used in the work. Results. Based on the results obtained, it can be noted that, ceteris paribus, including gear load, the weight is almost independent of the module and the relative width ratio. At the same time, in some cases, a particular standard value can significantly affect the weight of the gear, i.e., by selecting specific values, it is possible to reduce the weight of the gear by about 15-25%. Originality. Useful results were obtained using a relatively affordable method. The research was conducted both analytically and with the use of modern computer-aided design systems. Practical value. The proposed recommendations for the rational choice of some characteristics of gears will reduce the weight and dimensions of the mechanical drive.
Let G be a 5‐connected triangulation of a surface Σ different from the sphere, and let χ=χ(Σ) be the Euler characteristic of Σ. Suppose that V0⊆V(G) with |V(G)−V0| even and M and N are two matchings ...in G−V0 of sizes m and n respectively such that M∩N=∅. It is shown that if the pairwise distance between any two elements of V0∪M∪N is at least five and the face‐width of the embedding of G in Σ is at least max{20m−8χ−23,6}, then there is a perfect matching M0 in G−V0 containing M such that M0∩N=∅.
Let χ(
F
2
) $\chi ({F}^{2})$ be the Euler characteristic of a surface F
2 ${F}^{2}$. We characterize the set of graphs H $H$ of order at most 6 which satisfies the following: If G $G$ is a ...5‐connected graph embedded in a surface F
2 ${F}^{2}$ of face‐width at least 3
∣
H
∣
−
2
χ(
F
2
)
−
5 $3| H| -2\chi ({F}^{2})-5$ and H
′ $H^{\prime} $ is a subgraph of G $G$ isomorphic to H $H$ such that G
−
H
′ $G-H^{\prime} $ has even order, then G
−
H
′ $G-H^{\prime} $ has a perfect matching. An analogous result on near‐perfect matching is given as well. Moreover, we show the following result. Let G $G$ be a 5‐connected graph embedded in a surface F
2 ${F}^{2}$ and let H
1
,
…
,
H
m ${H}_{1},\ldots ,{H}_{m}$ be connected subgraphs of G $G$ of size at most k $k$ which lie pairwise sufficiently far apart in the face‐subdivision of G $G$. We prove that, if the face‐width of G $G$ is at least max{1
2(9
k
m
−
7
χ(
F
2
)
−
20
)
,
6
} $\max \{\frac{1}{2}(9km-7\chi ({F}^{2})-20),6\}$ and G
−
H
i $G-{H}_{i}$ satisfies C(
1
) ${\mathscr{C}}(1)$ for each i $i$ with 1
≤
i
≤
m $1\le i\le m$, then G
−(H
1
∪
…
∪
H
m
) $G-({H}_{1}\cup \ldots \,\cup {H}_{m})$ satisfies C(
1
) ${\mathscr{C}}(1)$ as well, where G $G$ is said to satisfy C(
1
) ${\mathscr{C}}(1)$ if G
−
S $G-S$ has at most ∣
S
∣
+
1 $| S| +1$ components for every S
⊆
V(
G
) $S\subseteq V(G)$. It is also shown that the distance condition can be considerably weakened when G $G$ triangulates the surface. All of these results generalize previous studies on matching extension in graphs on surfaces.
Understanding the cantilevers formed by thick, massive beds in the near-seam overburden above longwall panels and the associated loads and strata fracturing effects developed during caving (main and ...periodic weightings) are key elements for the successful implementation of longwalls. Such caving mechanisms rely on the geotechnical conditions within the panel. In India, the majority of longwall downtime and/or roof failures were caused by a lack of knowledge on overburden caveability, in particular when the main and periodic weightings will impact the face and longwall support selection to effectively mitigate such weightings. Godavari Valley Coal Fields is no exception as longwall faces were adversely affected due to the presence of thick, massive beds in the near-seam overburden at both Godavarikhani (GDK) 7 and 9 Incline mines. In contrast, overburden weightings were negotiated successfully in GDK10A and Adriyala Longwall Project (ALP) mines by detailed geotechnical studies, the use of adequate longwall support capacities, and effective operational practices. Thirteen longwall panels with varying face width, at different depths have been extracted under massive sandstone beds of 18 m to 28 m thickness at GDK 10A and ALP mines. This study elucidates that the main roof weighting interval decreases with an increase in face width and attains a constant value with further increases in face width under the same geo- mining conditions. In addition, this study also concludes that with increases in face width, the periodic roof weighting interval decreases and shield loads increase. Similarly with increasing panel width to depth ratio, the main and periodic roof weighting intervals decrease but shield loads again increase. Lastly, the strata behaviour of the longwall face retreated along up-dip direction is demonstrated. The results of this paper improves the mechanistic understanding of the impact of face width, depth and main roof thickness on periodic weighting and associated roof control problems on the longwall face.
We prove that if G is a 5‐connected graph embedded on a surface Σ (other than the sphere) with face‐width at least 5, then G contains a subdivision of K5. This is a special case of a conjecture of P. ...Seymour, that every 5‐connected nonplanar graph contains a subdivision of K5. Moreover, we prove that if G is 6‐connected and embedded with face‐width at least 5, then for every v ∈ V(G), G contains a subdivision of K5 whose branch vertices are v and four neighbors of v.
In the inclination direction, the fracture law of a longwall face roof is very important for roadway control. Based on the W1123 working face mining of Kuangou coal mine, the roof structure, stress ...and energy characteristics of W1123 were studied by using mechanical analysis, model testing and engineering practice. The results show that when the width of W1123 is less than 162 m, the roof forms a rock beam structure in the inclined direction, the floor pressure is lower, the energy and frequency of microseismic (MS) events are at a low level, and the stability of the section coal pillar is better. When the width of W1123 increases to 172 m, the roof breaks along the inclined direction, forming a double-hinged structure, the floor pressure is increased, and the frequency and energy of MS events also increases. The roof gathers elastic energy release, and combined with the MS energy release speed it can be considered that the stability of the section coal pillar is better. As the width of W1123 increases to 184 m, the roof in the inclined direction breaks again, forming a multi-hinged stress arch structure, and the floor pressure increases again. MS high-energy events occur frequently, and are not conducive to the stability of the section coal pillar. Finally, through engineering practice we verified the stability of the section coal pillar when the width of W1123 was 172 m, which provides a basis for determining the width of the working face and section coal pillar under similar conditions.
Aim of this study is to describe the relationship between anthropometric traits and educational attainment among Estonian schoolchildren born between 1937 and 1962. We asked whether height, cranial ...volume and face width (a testosterone-dependent trait), measured in childhood predict later educational attainment independently of each other, family socioeconomic position (SEP) and sex. Associations between morphometric traits and education and their interactions with biosocial variables are of scholarly importance because higher education is nearly universally associated with low fertility in women, and often with high fertility in men. Hence, morphometric traits associated with educational attainment are targeted by natural selection and describing the exact nature of these associations is relevant for understanding the current patterns of evolution of human body size.
Data on morphometric measurements and family background of 11,032 Estonian schoolchildren measured between seven and 19 years of age were obtained from the study performed by Juhan Aul between 1956 and 1969. Ordinal logistic regression was used for testing the effects of morphometric traits, biosocial variables and their interaction on the cumulative probability of obtaining education beyond primary level.
Of biosocial variables, family SEP was the most important determinant of educational attainment, followed by the sex, rural vs urban origin and the number of siblings. No significant interactions with morphometric traits were detected, i.e., within each category of SEP, rural vs urban origin and sex, taller children and those with larger heads and relatively narrower faces were more likely to proceed to secondary and/or tertiary education. The effect of height on education was independent of cranial volume, indicating that taller children did not obtain more educations because their brains were larger than those of shorter children; height per se was important.
Our main finding - that adjusting for other morphometric traits and biosocial variables, morphometric traits still robustly predicted educational attainment, is relevant for understanding the current patterns of evolution of human body size. Our findings suggest that fecundity selection acting on educational attainment could be partly responsible for the concurrent selection for smaller stature and cranial volume in women and opposite trends in men.
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