The aim of this study is to deepen the knowledge of five poorly studied Longitarsus species in order to elucidate their taxonomic position within the genus. For each of them further diagnostic ...characters and many new collecting localities are supplied. One new synonymy and one change of status are proposed: L. callidus Warchalowski 1967 = L. aphthonoides Weise 1887 syn. nov., and L. lateripunctatus personatus Weise 1893 is raised to valid species. The morphologically similar L. curtus (Allard 1860) and L. monticola Kutschera 1863 are also examined, providing new male and female diagnostic characters for their identification, as well as several European and Italian new collecting localities.
En diciembre de 2021 se desarrolló la primera expedición a los montes submarinos de las dorsales de Malpelo y de Yuruparí. En total se exploraron ocho montes submarinos por medio de BRUVS (Baited ...Remote Underwater Video Systems). Se desplegaron 48 BRUVS, registrando cinco especies pelágicas (Sphyrna lewini, Mobula birostris, Pteroplatytrygon violácea, Kajikia audax y Istiophorus platypterus), donde Pteroplatytrygon violácea constituyó un nuevo registro para la región. En todas las zonas se registraron especies pelágicas, aunque los tiburones se asociaron exclusivamente a los montes al oeste de las dorsales, en especial al monte conocido como Bajo Navegador, el más somero de la región. Este trabajo es un primer paso para orientar las siguientes exploraciones de estos ecosistemas.
Human–wildlife coexistence in a changing world König, Hannes J.; Kiffner, Christian; Kramer‐Schadt, Stephanie ...
Conservation biology,
August 2020, Letnik:
34, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is a key topic in conservation and agricultural research. Decision makers need evidence‐based information to design sustainable management plans and policy instruments. ...However, providing objective decision support can be challenging because realities and perceptions of human–wildlife interactions vary widely between and within rural, urban, and peri‐urban areas. Land users who incur costs through wildlife argue that wildlife‐related losses should be compensated and that prevention should be subsidized. Supporters of human–wildlife coexistence policies, such as urban‐dwelling people, may not face threats to their livelihoods from wildlife. Such spatial heterogeneity in the cost and benefits of living with wildlife is germane in most contemporary societies. This Special Section features contributions on wildlife‐induced damages that range from human perspectives (land use, psychology, governance, local attitudes and perceptions, costs and benefits, and HWC and coexistence theory) to ecological perspectives (animal behavior). Building on current literature and articles in this section, we developed a conceptual model to help frame HWC and coexistence dimensions. The framework can be used to determine damage prevention implementation levels and approaches to HWC resolution. Our synthesis revealed that inter‐ and transdisciplinary approaches and multilevel governance approaches can help stakeholders and institutions implement sustainable management strategies that promote human–wildlife coexistence.
Coexistencia Humano – Vida Silvstre en un Mundo Cambiante
Resumen
El conflicto humano – vida silvestre (HWC) es un tema muy importante para la investigación agrícola y de la conservación. Los tomadores de decisiones necesitan información basada en evidencias para diseñar planes de manejo sustentable e instrumentos políticos. Sin embargo, proporcionar un apoyo objetivo para las decisiones puede ser un reto ya que las realidades y percepciones de las interacciones humano – vida silvestre varían enormemente entre y dentro de las áreas rurales, urbanas y peri‐urbanas. Los usuarios de terrenos que incurren en costos debido a la vida silvestre argumentan que las pérdidas relacionadas a la vida silvestre deberían ser compensadas y que la prevención debería estar subsidiada. Es probable que quienes apoyan las políticas de coexistencia entre humanos y vida silvestre, como los habitantes de zonas urbanas, no enfrenten una amenaza a su medio de subsistencia debido a la vida silvestre. Dicha heterogeneidad espacial en el costo y beneficio de cohabitar con la vida silvestre es relevante en la mayoría de las sociedades contemporáneas. Esta Sección Especial presenta contribuciones sobre daños inducidos por vida silvestre que van desde las perspectivas humanas (uso de suelo, psicología, gobierno, actitudes y percepciones locales, costo y beneficio y la teoría del conflicto y la coexistencia humano‐vida silvestre) hasta las perspectivas ecológicas (comportamiento animal). A partir de los artículos y la literatura actuales en esta sección desarrollamos un modelo conceptual para ayudar a estructurar los alcances del HWC y de la coexistencia. El marco de trabajo puede usarse para determinar los niveles y estrategias de implementación de la prevención del daño a la solución del conflicto humano ‐ fauna. Nuestra síntesis reveló que las estrategias inter‐ y transdisciplinarias y las estrategias de gobierno multiniveles pueden ayudar a que los actores y las instituciones implementen estrategias de manejo sustentable para promover la coexistencia entre los humanos y la vida silvestre.
摘要
人类与野生动物的冲突是保护研究和农业研究的一个重要问题。决策者需要基于证据的信息来设计可持续的管理计划和政策工具。然而, 由于农村、城市和城郊之内或之间的人类与野生动物相互作用的现实情况和观念存在很大差异, 因此提供客观的决策支持也面临着挑战。因野生动物而遭受损失的土地使用者认为, 与野生动物相关的损失应该得到补偿, 且实施保护措施也应得到补贴。人与野生动物共存政策的支持者, 如城市居民, 则可能不会面临野生动物对生计的威胁。这种与野生动物共存的成本和收益的空间异质性普遍存在于多数当代社会。本专题包含介绍野生动物所造成破坏的系列文章, 研究的角度从人类视角 (土地利用、心理、管理、当地态度和观念、成本和收益、人类与野生动物的冲突和共存理论) 到生态视角 (动物行为) 。基于已有文献和本专题的文章, 我们设计了一个概念模型来为人类与野生动物共存及共存的维度制定框架。该框架可用于确定预防野生动物造成破坏的实施水平及解决人类与野生动物冲突的方法。我们的综合分析表明, 跨学科和多级管理方法可以帮助利益相关者和机构实施可持续管理策略, 促进人类与野生动物的共存。 【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】
Article impact statement: Integrated and participatory research are needed to provide the evidence base to address human–wildlife conflict and coexistence.
The present study is focused on the species belonging to the genus Maiestas Distant, 1917 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae, Deltocephalini) in Iran, based on some specimens collected during ...2016 to 2019 from Southeast Iran and species that have been previously reported: M. horvathi (Then, 1896), M. pruthii (Metcalf, 1967), M. schmidtgeni (Wagner, 1939), and M. trifasciata (Lindberg, 1954). M. pruthii, previously known from the Oriental region (India and Pakistan), is recorded for the first time in the Palaearctic region from Southeast Iran and M. horvathi is a new record for the fauna of Sistan and Baluchestan Province. An identification key and distribution maps for the Iranian Maiestas species are provided.
This study investigated the concentrations and profiles of 19 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the muscle and liver of four freshwater species from Lake Trasimeno (Italy): Anguilla anguilla ...(European eel), Carassius auratus (goldfish), Perca fluviatilis (European perch), and Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish). In livers, the amount of PFASs ranged from 3.1 to 10 µg kgsup.−1 , significantly higher than that in muscle (0.032–1.7 µg kgsup.−1 ). The predominant PFASs were perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and long-chain carboxylic acids (C8–C14). Short-chain compounds (C4–C5), as well as the long-chain sulfonic acids (C9–C12), were not quantified. The contamination patterns were similar among species with few differences, suggesting the influence of species-specific accumulation. The PFAS concentrations in livers were comparable among species, while in muscle, the higher values were measured in European eel, followed by goldfish, European perch, and red swamp crayfish. The levels were generally lower than those reported for fish from Northern Italian lakes and rivers. The concentrations of regulated PFASs were lower than the maximum limits set by Regulation EU 2023/915 and did not exceed the Environmental Quality Standards (PFOS in biota). This study provides the first valuable insights on PFASs in freshwater species from Lake Trasimeno.
Synergistic effects Liu, Jun; Liu, Xiaoyu; Song, Qingni ...
The New phytologist,
08/2020, Letnik:
227, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
• Litter decomposition plays a key role in nutrient cycling across ecosystems, yet to date, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the nonadditive decomposition effects in leaf litter mixing ...experiments.
• To fill that gap, we compiled 69 individual studies with the aim to perform two meta-analyses on nonadditive effects.
• We show that a significant synergistic effect (faster decomposition in mixtures than expected) occurs at a global scale, with an average increase of 3–5% in litter mixtures. In particular, low-quality litter in mixtures shows a significant synergistic effect, while additive effects are observed for high-quality species. Additionally, synergistic effects turn into antagonistic effects when soil fauna are absent or litter is in very late stages of decomposition (nearhumus). In contrast to temperate and tropical areas, studies in boreal regions show significant antagonistic effects.
• Our two meta-analyses provide a systematic evaluation of nonadditive effects in mixed litter decomposition studies and show that litter quality alters the effects of litter mixing. Our results indicate that nutrient transfer, soil fauna and inhibitory secondary compounds can influence mixing effects. We also highlight that synergistic and antagonistic effects occur concurrently, and the final litter mixing effect results from the interplay between them.
New species Cossus ramoni sp. n. is described from northeastern Iran. It is compared with closely distributed Iranian subspecies of Cossus cossus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Cossus afghanistana Daniel, 1953.
Ethical treatment of wildlife and consideration of animal welfare have become important themes in conservation, but ethical perspectives on how best to protect wild animals and promote their welfare ...are diverse. There are advantages to the consequentialist harms ethical framework applied in managing wild herbivores for conservation purposes. To minimize harms while achieving conservation goals, we argue that overabundant wild herbivores should in many cases be managed through consumptive in situ killing. Advantages of this policy are that the negative welfare states imposed on animals last only a short time; remaining animals are not deprived of positive welfare states (e.g., linked to rearing offspring); poor welfare states of animals in overabundant populations are avoided (e.g., starvation); negative welfare impacts on heterospecifics through resource depletion (i.e., competition) are prevented; harvesting meat reduces the number of (agricultural) animals raised to supply meat; and minimal costs maximize funding for other wildlife management and conservation priorities. Alternative ethical approaches to our consequentialist framework include deontology (containing animal rights) and virtue ethics, some of which underpin compassionate conservation. These alternative ethical approaches emphasize the importance of avoiding intentional killing of animals but, if no population reduction occurs, are likely to impose considerable unintentional harms on overabundant wildlife and indirectly harm heterospecifics through ineffective population reduction. If nonlethal control is used, it is likely that overabundant animals would be deprived of positive welfare states and economic costs would be prohibitive. We encourage conservation stakeholders to consider animal‐welfare consequentialism as an ethical approach to minimize harms to the animals under their care as well as other animals that policies may affect while at the same time pursuing conservation goals.
Conservación Compasiva versus Conservación Consecuencialista
Resumen
El trato ético de la fauna y la consideración por el bienestar animal se han convertido en temas importantes para la conservación, pero las perspectivas éticas sobre cuáles son las mejores maneras para proteger a los animales silvestres y promover su bienestar son diversas. Existen ventajas en el marco de trabajo ético de los daños consecuencialistas aplicados en el manejo de herbívoros silvestres por motivos de conservación. Para minimizar los daños a la vez que se alcanzan los objetivos de conservación argumentamos que los herbívoros silvestres sobreabundantes deberían, en muchos casos, ser manejados por medio de muertes in situ consuntivas. Las ventajas de esta política son que los estados negativos de bienestar impuestos sobre los animales duran muy poco tiempo; a los animales que permanecen no se les priva de un estado positivo de bienestar (p. ej.: conectados a la crianza de descendencia); se evitan los estados pobres de bienestar en las poblaciones sobreabundantes (p. ej.: hambruna); se previenen los impactos negativos de bienestar por medio de la disminución sobre los heteroespecíficos (es decir, competencia); la crianza para carne reduce el número de animales (agrícolas) criados para abastecer de carne; y los costos mínimos maximizan el financiamiento para otras prioridades de manejo y conservación de fauna. Las estrategias éticas alternativas a nuestro marco de trabajo consecuencialista incluyen la deontología (que contiene los derechos de los animales) y la ética de virtudes, algunas de las cuales apoyan la conservación compasiva. Estas estrategias éticas alternativas enfatizan la importancia de evitar la muerte intencional de los animales pero, si no ocurre una reducción de la población, es probable que impongan daños considerables accidentales sobre la fauna sobreabundante y dañen indirectamente a los heteroespecíficos por medio de la reducción infructuosa de la población. Si se utiliza un control no letal, es probable que los animales sobreabundantes quedarían privados de estados positivos de bienestar y los costos económicos serían prohibitivos. Alentamos a los accionistas de la conservación a considerar el consecuencialismo del bienestar animal como una estrategia ética para minimizar los daños que sufren los animales bajo su cuidado así como otros animales que podrían ser afectados por las políticas mientras se busca alcanzar objetivos de conservación.
摘要
善待野生动物及动物福利问题已成为保护中的一个重要话题, 但人们对于如何最好地保护野生动物并提升其福利有不同的伦理观点。其中, 应用于野生食草动物保护管理中的结果论伤害伦理框架有很多优势。为了在实现保护目标的同时尽量减少伤害, 我们认为许多情况下可以通过消费性的就地捕杀过剩的野生食草动物, 以进行管理。这项政策的好处在于:动物只在很短的时间内处于不良福利状态、剩下的动物仍享有较好的福利 (如养育后代方面) 、避免了过剩种群中较差的动物福利情况 (如饥饿) 、防止了其它物种的福利因资源耗竭而遭受负面影响 (如竞争) 、肉类的获得可以减少饲养的农业食用动物的数量, 且能以最低成本最大程度地为其它野生动物管理和保护优先问题供给资金。这个结果论框架伦理学的替代方法有道义论 (包括动物权利) 和美德伦理学, 其中有一部分是怜悯性保护 (compassionate conservation) 的基础。这些伦理替代方法强调了避免故意杀害动物的重要性, 但是, 如果不减少种群数量, 很可能会在无意间对数量过剩的野生动物造成很大伤害, 并间接地伤害其它物种。如果用非杀伤性的控制方法, 过剩的动物可能会被剥夺良好的福利状态, 所需的经济成本也过于昂贵。我们鼓励保护利益相关者以动物福利结果论为伦理方法, 在追求保护目标的同时, 尽量减少对他们管理的动物和政策可能影响到的其它动物产生的伤害。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】
Article impact statement: Strategic killing of animals can be justified by an ethics approach that aims to maximize animal‐welfare outcomes.
We are beginning to appreciate that the origin of the modern Antarctic marine fauna is related to a series of key events throughout the Cenozoic era. In the first of these, the mass extinction at the ...Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary (66 Ma) reset the evolutionary stage and led to a major radiation of modern taxa in the benthic realm. Although this took place in a greenhouse world, there is evidence to suggest that the radiation was tempered by the seasonality of primary productivity, and this may be a time-invariant feature of the polar regions. Although there could well have been a single, abrupt extinction event at c. 34 Ma, there is also evidence to suggest a phased extinction of various taxa over a period of millions of years. Important new molecular phylogenetic data are indicating that a wide variety of both benthic and pelagic taxa radiated shortly after a second major phase of cooling at c. 14 Ma. Such a phenomenon is linked to a series of major palaeoceanographic changes, which in turn led to a proliferation of diatom-based ecosystems. Although the modern benthic marine fauna can be traced back some 45–50 Myr, a substantial component of the modern pelagic one may be less than 14 Myr old. The latter is also characterized by assemblages of high abundance but comparatively low species richness and evenness. A distinctive signature of low diversity but high dominance within Antarctic marine assemblages was maintained by the interplay between temperature and primary productivity throughout the Cenozoic.
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