Female labor force participation rates in urban India between 1987 and 2011 are surprisingly low and have stagnated since the late 1980s. Despite rising growth, fertility decline, and rising wage and ...education levels, married women's labor force participation hovered around 18 percent. Analysis of five large cross-sectional micro surveys shows that a combination of supply and demand effects have contributed to this stagnation. The main supply side factors are rising household incomes and husband's education as well as the falling selectivity of highly educated women. On the demand side, the sectors that draw in female workers have expanded least, so that changes in the sectoral structure of employment alone would have actually led to declining participation rates.
Objective To determine the knowledge about fertility and assisted human reproduction (AHR) treatments of a large sample of childless women. Design Self-report questionnaire comprising two ...self-ratings of current fertility and AHR knowledge, and 16 knowledge questions related to fertility and AHR. Setting Online. Patient(s) A total of 3,345 childless women between the ages of 20 and 50. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Knowledge of fertility and AHR. Result(s) The majority of participants rated themselves as having some knowledge or being fairly knowledgeable about fertility and AHR. However, on the 16 knowledge questions, overall knowledge was low, with 50% or more of the sample answering only 6 of 16 questions correctly. Conclusion(s) The data suggest that the women in the study have no coherent body of knowledge regarding age-related fertility and AHR treatment options. With an increasing number of women electing to delay childbearing, there is a critical need for public education regarding age-related fertility declines and the availability, costs, and limitations of AHR. This study offers important mental health contributions to infertility prevention and public health education efforts.
This study was designed to physiologically investigate the fate of stress related infertility conditions to focus on the regulatory response of reproductive potentials in stress-induced female Wistar ...rats supplemented with clomifene citrate. 42 apparently healthy female Wistar rats weighing about 120–160 g were used in the study. The animals were randomly distributed into 3 groups after acclimatization for 2 weeks. Group 1 served as the control pregnant rats not induced by restraint, mirrored and intruder stressors, group 2 consisted of rats treated with 0.013 mg/g of clomifene citrate drug and exposed to three different stressors while group 3 represented pregnant rats exposed to different stressors but not treated with clomifene citrate. At the end of 3weeks, the rats were euthanized via cervical dislocation. The uterus and ovary organs were carefully isolated, weighed and examined for histological changes. The reproductive capacities studied were gestation period, mean pup weight, litter size and survival rate respectively. Data collected is expressed in Mean±SEM and one way ANOVA statistics was used for comparison of means while Fisher’s LSD was employed for post hoc test and the level of significance is determined at p-value < 0.05. Results from our study revealed that restraint and intruder stressors following supplementation with clomifene citrate produced similar stress response in the gestation length, pub-weights, litter size and percentage of survival. Stress of different nature altered the histoarchitecture of the ovary and the uteri of rats exposed to restraint or intruder stressor. Meanwhile, Clomifene citrate administration produced effect on ovulation and pregnancy outcome of stressed pregnant rats and the survival ratio of the offspring.
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To determine whether variants in the WEE2 (WEE1 homolog 2, also known as WEE1B) gene, which has been known to function in the formation of pronuclei during fertilization, contribute to fertilization ...failure.
Case-control genetic study.
University hospital.
Ninety infertile women with repeated cycles of pronucleus formation failure undergoing in vitro fertilization and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment as well as 200 fertile control women.
Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood. The whole exons of WEE2 were amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction and then Sanger sequencing was performed.
Variants analysis of WEE2 gene.
We identified five subjects that were subjected to homozygous or compound-heterozygous variants of WEE2: case 1 (from a consanguineous family) with homozygous frameshift variant: c.293_294insCTGAGACACCAGCCCAACC (p.Pro98Pro fsX2); case 2 with homozygous missense variant: c.1576T>G (p.Tyr526Asp); and three cases with compound-heterozygous variants: case 3: c.991C>A (p.His331Asn) and c.1304_1307delCCAA (p.Thr435Met fsX31); case 4: c.341_342 del AA (p.Lys114Asn fsX20) and c.864G>C (p.Gln288His); and case 5: c.1A>G (p.0?) and c.1261G>A (p.Gly421Arg). Besides c.1576T>G (from case 2) and c.864G>C (from case 4), which have been previously reported as rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the other six variants were novel and predicted by software to be deleterious. The parental genotypes of case 1 and case 2 indicated that the detected homozygous variants were inherited in an autosomal recessive mode. All of the detected variants were absent from the control cohort.
Novel variants found in WEE2, which is autosomal-recessive inherited, may be related to recurrent pronucleus formation failure and female infertility.
Nuevas variantes del gen WEE2 identificadas en pacientes con fallo de fecundación e infertilidad femenina
Determinar si las variantes del gen WEE2 (homólogo del gen WEE1, también conocido como WEE1B), al cual se le reconoce un papel en la formación de los pronúcleos durante la fecundación, contribuyen al fallo de fecundación.
Estudio genético de casos y controles.
Hospital universitario.
Noventa mujeres infértiles con ciclos repetidos de fallo de la formación del pronúcleo que sometidas a fecundación in vitro y/o microinyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides, así como 200 mujeres fértiles como control.
Se extrajo ADN genómico de sangre periférica. Los exones completos de WEE2 se amplificaron mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y luego se realizó la secuenciación de Sanger.
Análisis de variantes del gen WEE2.
Identificamos cinco sujetos que fueron sometidos a variantes homocigotas o heterocigotas-compuestas de WEE2: caso 1 (de una familia consanguínea) con variante homocigótica de desplazamiento de marco de lectura c.293_294insCTGAGACACCAGCCCAACC (p.Pro98Pro fsX2); caso 2 con variante homocigótica con cambio de sentido: c.1576T> G (p.Tyr526Asp); y tres casos con variantes heterocigotas-compuestas: caso 3: c.991C> A (p.His331Asn) y c.1304_1307delCCAA (p.Thr435Met fsX31); caso 4: c.341_342 del AA (p.Lys114Asn fsX20) y c.864G> C (p.Gln288His); y caso 5: c.1A> G (p.0?) y c.1261G> A (p.Gly421Arg). Aparte de c.1576T> G (del caso 2) y c.864G> C (del caso 4), de los que se había informado previamente como polimorfismos raros de nucleótido único (SNPs), las otras seis variantes eran nuevas y el software predijo que serían deletéreas. Los genotipos parentales del caso 1 y del caso 2 indicaron que las variantes homocigotas detectadas se heredaron de manera autosómica recesiva. Todas las variantes detectadas estaban ausentes en la cohorte de control.
Las nuevas variantes encontradas del gen WEE2, que se hereda de manera autosómica recesiva, pueden estar relacionadas con el fracaso recurrente en la formación de los pronúcleos y la infertilidad femenina.
Protecting the health of the athlete is a goal of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC convened an expert panel to update the 2005 IOC Consensus Statement on the Female Athlete Triad. ...This Consensus Statement replaces the previous and provides guidelines to guide risk assessment, treatment and return-to-play decisions. The IOC expert working group introduces a broader, more comprehensive term for the condition previously known as ‘Female Athlete Triad’. The term ‘Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport’ (RED-S), points to the complexity involved and the fact that male athletes are also affected. The syndrome of RED-S refers to impaired physiological function including, but not limited to, metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, cardiovascular health caused by relative energy deficiency. The cause of this syndrome is energy deficiency relative to the balance between dietary energy intake and energy expenditure required for health and activities of daily living, growth and sporting activities. Psychological consequences can either precede RED-S or be the result of RED-S. The clinical phenomenon is not a ‘triad’ of the three entities of energy availability, menstrual function and bone health, but rather a syndrome that affects many aspects of physiological function, health and athletic performance. This Consensus Statement also recommends practical clinical models for the management of affected athletes. The ‘Sport Risk Assessment and Return to Play Model’ categorises the syndrome into three groups and translates these classifications into clinical recommendations.
The upcoming revision of the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of tumours of the female genital tract is scheduled for release in the second quarter of 2020. It will feature significant ...changes compared to earlier editions. In this review, we outline the process of revising this important reference source for those diagnosing tumours or engaged in cancer research and describe the significant changes. The WHO classification of tumours is increasingly evidence‐based, with a clear update cycle, improved quality of illustrations and content, led by an editorial board comprised mainly of pathologists, but increasingly incorporating input from other disciplines. The advent of the new website allows the use of whole‐slide images and hyperlinks to evidence or external bodies that produce guidance on staging or reporting.
The female genital tract microbiota is part of a complex ecosystem influenced by several physiological, genetic, and behavioral factors. It is uniquely linked to a woman's mucosal immunity and plays ...a critical role in the regulation of genital inflammation. A vaginal microbiota characterized by a high abundance of lactobacilli and low overall bacterial diversity is associated with lower inflammation. On the other hand, a more diverse microbiota is linked to high mucosal inflammation levels, a compromised genital epithelial barrier, and an increased risk of sexually transmitted infections and other conditions. Several bacterial taxa such as
spp.,
spp.,
spp., and
spp. are well known to have adverse effects; however, the definitive cause of this microbial dysbiosis is yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this review is to discuss the multiple ways in which the microbiota influences the overall genital inflammatory milieu and to explore the causes and consequences of this inflammatory response. While there is abundant evidence linking a diverse genital microbiota to elevated inflammation, understanding the risk factors and mechanisms through which it affects genital health is essential. A robust appreciation of these factors is important for identifying effective prevention and treatment strategies.
As the gut microbiota exerts various effects on the intestinal milieu which influences distant organs and pathways, it is considered to be a full-fledged endocrine organ. The microbiota plays a major ...role in the reproductive endocrine system throughout a woman's lifetime by interacting with estrogen, androgens, insulin, and other hormones. Imbalance of the gut microbiota composition can lead to several diseases and conditions, such as pregnancy complications, adverse pregnancy outcomes, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and cancer; however, research on the mechanisms is limited. More effort should be concentrated on exploring the potential causes and underlying the mechanisms of microbiota-hormone-mediated disease, and providing novel therapeutic and preventive strategies.As the gut microbiota exerts various effects on the intestinal milieu which influences distant organs and pathways, it is considered to be a full-fledged endocrine organ. The microbiota plays a major role in the reproductive endocrine system throughout a woman's lifetime by interacting with estrogen, androgens, insulin, and other hormones. Imbalance of the gut microbiota composition can lead to several diseases and conditions, such as pregnancy complications, adverse pregnancy outcomes, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and cancer; however, research on the mechanisms is limited. More effort should be concentrated on exploring the potential causes and underlying the mechanisms of microbiota-hormone-mediated disease, and providing novel therapeutic and preventive strategies.
BackgroundRecurrent preimplantation embryo developmental arrest (RPEA) is the most common cause of assisted reproductive technology treatment failure associated with identified genetic abnormalities. ...Variants in known maternal genes can only account for 20%–30% of these cases. The underlying genetic causes for the other affected individuals remain unknown.MethodsWhole exome sequencing was performed for 100 independent infertile females that experienced RPEA. Functional characterisations of the identified candidate disease-causative variants were validated by Sanger sequencing, bioinformatics and in vitro functional analyses, and single-cell RNA sequencing of zygotes.ResultsBiallelic variants in ZFP36L2 were associated with RPEA and the recurrent variant (p.Ser308_Ser310del) prevented maternal mRNA decay in zygotes and HeLa cells.ConclusionThese findings emphasise the relevance of the relationship between maternal mRNA decay and human preimplantation embryo development and highlight a novel gene potentially responsible for RPEA, which may facilitate genetic diagnoses.
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