Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening is a popular poem written by Robert Frost in the 20th century, which reflected the social aspects of human existence. The researchers used the library research to ...analyze the figurative languages, the hidden meaning, and their correlation in poetry. The authors considered the hidden meanings in the poetry studied, namely that people should not be lulled by the promise or beauty of the surrounding environment; instead, they must complete their tasks before their lives end. The hidden meaning could be seen in the following stanzas: the stanza 1 depicted somebody stopping in a snowy forest, the stanza 2 revealed the small horse questioning a stop in a forest far from the farmhouse, the stanza 3 described the small horse shaking its harness bell as a warning, and the stanza 4 showed the speaker's determination to continue his journey and fulfill his duties before the end of his life. The correlation between the hidden meaning of "the long journey of a human life" and the figurative language in the last two lines of the fourth stanza, an "allegory" that reads " and miles to go before I sleep " outlined the idea of a lifelong journey to complete one's task before the rest eternal.
This study is a values-driven approach to figures of speech, depicting language and its standardisation. We explore a discourse about the modernisation of linguistic norms that took place in Estonian ...public media in 2020–2022 and reached the point of being labelled a crisis. The debate took place mostly in the form of opinion-writing texts, expressing the writers’ subjective perspectives. During the discussions, two parties with different outlooks on language and language planning issues emerged, representing the dichotomy of liberal and conservative value models. The focus of the study is on the interplay between values and patterns of figurative thought, as metaphors were extensively used to strengthen the arguments of both sides. The analysis, based on the theoretical-methodological means of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Figurative Framing, Metaphor Scenario Analysis, Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, revealed that the opposing parties favoured certain metaphors when depicting language. As a side issue, we also address the dynamics of power relations through the language crisis discourse.
Figures de style et lobbying Marchal, Cécile
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia litteraria romanica,
10/2023, Letnik:
18, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Le présent article aborde l’analyse de la persuasion argumentative et de la figuralité dans le discours en rapport avec le lobbying. Pour être convaincant face à leurs interlocuteurs, le lobbying ...utilise des techniques linguistiques afin de servir leurs intérêts. De son côté, l’opinion publique se sert de ces mêmes techniques langagières afin de dénoncer les activités du lobbying. Ces techniques langagières sont la persuasion et la figuralité, et elles ont pour objectif d’embellir, de critiquer ou d’atténuer le discours, en fonction de la perspective de l’émetteur. Cela permet aussi de caractériser, d’une part, la culture sociale d’une zone géographique déterminée, et de l’autre, le rôle du lobby dans cette société et l’image publique que ce dernier renvoie. C’est dans cette optique d’argumentativité que l’article offre une approche de ces stratégies discursives, par le biais d’écrits scientifiques et médiatiques.
Research has shown how, in a narrative event, people give meanings to and conceptualise their experience in figurative language. The aim of this case study was to explore the figurative language ...which emerged in the flow of mobile students’ narrative accounts of interculturality. Pragmatic features of talk, including those specific to the lingua franca, were analysed in the participants’ use of figurative language. The data of the exploratory study derived from mobility project interviews conducted with South Korean student teachers at the beginning and end of their short-term stays in Finland. The results revealed, among other things, that metaphors of movement and force were used for ‘doing interculturality’, when the interviewees constructed themselves, others and events in figurative language in the context of the mobility project interview. Using oppositional metaphor (e.g., free-strict) as well as metonymy and hyperbole, the participants presented their views on school education, society and people in the two contexts. By exploring the narrators’ strategies for telling and their discursive construction of roles and positions, it was possible to analyse in more detail the interplay of figurative language and the narrative construction of interculturality.
El presente trabajo forma parte de los productos de investigación derivados del proyecto: Aprendizaje de dos usos figurados en la primera infancia. Retos e implicaciones para la educación. La ...investigación se llevó a cabo entre las Facultades de Educación y Filosofía de la PUJ, gracias a la convocatoria de Proyectos Interdisciplinarios de la Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones de la PUJ celebrada en el año 2015. Inició el 1 de noviembre de 2015 y concluyó el 1 de septiembre de 2020 (código de la propuesta: 00006915 y código presupuestal del proyecto: 120118G0401200). La primera autora fue la investigadora principal y la segunda fue asistente de investigación.
Advertisement is one of the essential types of mass communication expected to persuade people to buy products or services. In advertisement, language use should be persuasive because it intends to ...influence the customers to purchase the items. Using figurative expression in advertisement is one way to attract consumers ‘attention. This qualitative research was aimed at finding out the types of figurative expression and its function used in cosmetic advertisements advertised on Indonesian television. The data of this research were the cosmetic advertisements showed on Indonesian television in 2018 that employed English figurative expression in slogan of the advertisement. From 23 data identified, the researchers found that all of them deployed figurative expressions in various types. The most dominant figurative expression found in this research was hyperbole. It was found that out of 23 advertisements, twelve of advertisements used hyperbole expression, whereas personification expression was found in one advertisement. Besides, the researchersfound five advertisements using repetition expression, two advertisements employing metaphor expression, two slogans of advertisement using simile expression, and one parallelism expression found in advertisement.
One of Katz's significant contributions to the study of figurative language is his work highlighting the importance of familiarity in metaphor processing. In this study, we examined how metaphor and ...simile comprehension change as a function of familiarity. The Categorization model (Glucksberg, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2003, 7, 92) proposes that metaphor comprehension relies on an automatic process (categorization) regardless of familiarity. By contrast, the Career of Metaphor model (Bowdle & Gentner, Psychological Review, 2005, 112, 193) proposes that as conventionality or familiarity declines, comprehension shifts from categorization to comparison, a controlled, effortful process. Both models assume that similes, regardless of familiarity, are understood through controlled, comparison processes. The present study used a resource depletion manipulation to investigate the processes recruited in metaphor and simile comprehension. Because resource depletion negatively impacts controlled, effortful processes but does not affect automatic processes (Schmeichel et al., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, 85, 33), comparing the effects of resource depletion on comprehension of familiar and unfamiliar metaphors and similes may shed light on the comprehension processes (controlled or automatic) being used. Across two experiments, we induced resource depletion using a Stroop task and tested the impact of depletion on metaphor and simile comprehension. Metaphor stimuli were drawn from Katz et al. (Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 1988, 3, 191) normed database; similes were constructed by adding the word like to each metaphor (e.g., love is (like) a flower). For both tropes, resource depletion slowed comprehension of unfamiliar expressions but had no little-or-no impact on highly familiar expressions. Our results suggest that comprehension of both similes and metaphors shifts from automatic to controlled processing as familiarity decreases.
Public Significance Statement
Prior research disagrees on whether we use controlled or automatic processes to understand figurative expressions like metaphors and similes. We tested the effects of resource depletion (which temporarily impairs controlled but not automatic processing) on comprehension of metaphors and similes, finding that depletion impaired comprehension of unfamiliar but not familiar expressions. This pattern suggests that comprehension of both similes and metaphors is automatic for highly familiar expressions, but shifts to controlled processes as familiarity decreases.
The paper explores Nzema idiomatic expressions used as indirection strategy. Figurative devices such as proverbs and euphemisms have received quite an appreciable amount of study in connection with ...verbal indirection in Nzema. Little or no attention however has been given to idioms, particularly as indirection devices in the language. This paper therefore focuses on idioms which incorporate body parts such as head/brain, eyes, nose, mouth, teeth, hands, legs, heart/chest, stomach and body/skin that are used to avoid any straightforward language that seeks to undermine and threaten the face of an addressee. Data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data comprise recordings of traditional ceremonies such as marriage contraction and arbitration, where the use of idioms as indirect expressions was pervasive. Authors’ native speaker intuition was also brought to bear on the analysis of data. Interviews with competent indigenous speakers of Nzema were conducted for useful information and clarification on the data gathered. The secondary data were sourced from two Nzema literary texts. The paper finds that, these culturally constructed body parts related idioms are deliberately employed as both face saving and as politeness devices in the language.
Abstract concepts are frequently expressed in natural language by means of metaphors, metonymies and other types of figurative language. Knowledge and appropriate use of these conceptual instances of ...actual language use by university graduates are related to L2 mastery, and therefore conceptual instruction is expected to facilitate L2 acquisition. The aim of this paper is to study ESP higher-education students’ conceptual competence and its relationship to their overall L2 competence. An empirical study measures the students’ ability to recognize metaphors and metonymies, including demographic, sociological and individual factors (including the effect of the informal learning of English language by means of extra-curricular activities) as interpretive data on such reflective figurative language recognition. Results indicate a significant difference in learners’ figurative language interpretation across academic disciplines. In addition, English language proficiency and age, together with two sociological factors (regular English-related leisure activities and speaking English on the phone) are significant factors in figurative language recognition in a specialised University context. Age and leisure choices also turned out to be significant factors in figurative language identification and literal meaning choice. The findings of the present study have important implications for the ESP practitioners regarding the teaching of metaphors and metonymies to their students, as well as learners when practising extracurricular English-related activities. It seems of relevance to insert figurative language recognition and use into ESP programs for L2/FL learners at all levels of English proficiency.
