In recent years, the mining of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin has attracted much global attention due to the simplicity and high profitability of this business, especially in countries with low ...electricity rates. The process of cryptocurrency mining using cryptocurrency mining devices requires a significant amount of computing power. This industry, which is increasingly growing in energy and carbon emissions, can cause environmental concerns. Common ways to reduce this amount of energy consumption are to prohibit mining and charge these loads at a higher electricity rate; however, these solution methods are not feasible and applicable in many countries. This paper presents an energy efficiency program to persuade the customers to mine cryptocurrency using high‐efficient cryptocurrency mining devices (CMDs), including informative, regulation, and financial policy instruments. This energy efficiency approach suggests a standard, if implemented, would ban the application of inefficient CMDs, and would encourage the cryptocurrency miners to improve the profitability of their business with high‐efficient CMDs through a penalty‐reward strategy. The performance of this energy efficiency program is studied through an analysis of data gathered from different CMDs used in Iran. The effectiveness of this suggested program is proved through its sufficient incentives for miners using high‐efficient CMDs.
•Government intervenes reverse supply chain operation via regulations and fiscal tools.•Government's objective of balanced budget is satisfied during policy-making process.•Strict reward and penalty ...measures would induce social inefficiency in some respects.•Reverse supply chain members can be motivated to implement remanufactuing initiatives.•Proactive and prudent policies should be embraced when remanufacturing is emerging.
Concerning the emerging and development of remanufacturing industry, this paper investigates decision-makings of both the government and related enterprises. The social planner intervenes remanufacturing implementations, via environmental regulations and financial instruments, in a reverse supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a recycler. A bi-level programming model of government and the supply chain system is established based on extended producer responsibility (EPR) principles. Incentives of channel members in the pursuit of profit maximization under governmental policies are discussed. Environmental regulations and financial measures stipulated by government are analyzed, with their impacts exerted on the reverse supply chain elaborated. The ideas and results indicate that supply chain members can be motivated to undertake environmentally friendly initiatives under proper policies, with actual remanufacturing rate enhanced and recovery effort strengthened, thus boosting the remanufacturing industry especially at its early stage.
Research on financial rent has been at the forefront of economics since the middle of the twentieth century in market economies due to the growing role of financial capital and the formation of the ...stock market. Today some scholars believe that financial rent is a type of economic rent, so it should be reflected in accounting. The purpose of the article is to develop recommendations for the reflection of financial rent in the accounting system. This research has solved the following tasks: to determine significant differences in the understanding of financial rent in the theory of finance and the rent in economic theory; to identify the type of resource that produces financial rent; to form approaches to the assessment and accounting for financial rent. It was established that in financial science the concept of financial rent does not correlate with the concept of economic rent, but it is appropriate to consider the financial rent as income that should be reflected in the accounting system to ensure the effectiveness of further management decisions. The identification of the composition of financial resources for the needs of their accounting allowed to determine the type of financial instruments, as well as operations that will form the financial rent. Author's approaches to the recognition of financial rent as accounting object were presented and organizational and methodical provisions of accounting for financial rent were developed. In particular, the procedure for determining the amount of financial rent and its reflection in the accounts depending on the sources of its formation was proposed. The practical significance of the study results is to increase the informativeness of the accounting system for management staff in order to manage the efficiency of the enterprise.
The article is dedicated to the description of the financing instrument for cross-border cooperation within the European Union, which in recent years has become an important instrument of European ...Union policy in the context of regional development, including cooperation with nonEU border regions. The article aims to analyze the INTERREG financial support instrument, analyzing the evolution of this instrument and its main objectives. The European Territorial Cooperation Instrument has significant financial and administrative resources, provides support to EU regions and economically underdeveloped third countries, ensures the development of an innovative economy and activates cooperation programs in new directions. For the research, the reports published by the European Commission, statistics and scientific articles by other authors specialized in this field were used.
Purpose: The study examines the compliance level with IFRS 7 by deposit money banks in Nigeria for the period between 2017-2020.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopts an un-weighted ...disclosure index method to test the two hypotheses and using Qualitative Grading System (QGS) to rank the level of compliance with the aid of explorative research design.
Findings: The study found that in average, the over-all compliance by DMBs at commencement year stood at 51.04% and this implies that as at the commencement year DMBs weakly complied with the requirements of IFRS 7.
Implications/Originality/Value: The study concluded that though DMBs in Nigeria do not totally comply with the provisions of IFRS 7 throughout the study period yet, there have been significant improvements in the level of compliance with the standard disclosure in the annual reports of DMBs in Nigeria. It’s therefore recommending that banks should strive to ensure full compliance with the standards as this will add more confidence in the economy. This must be done with the enforcement of regulatory bodies. The FRCN should intensify its mandate to ensure banks strictly comply with the provisions of IFRS.
In order to achieve good business results, a company has a number of incentive measures at its disposal to motivate employees to be more productive and efficient in performing their activities. In ...comparative practice, one of the most successful corporate management measures is the plan for allocating shares to company employees. By introducing amendments to the Business Companies Act, this plan has become an integral part of the legislation of the Republic of Serbia. This innovation in corporate management applies exclusively to limited liability companies. For the purpose of implementing this incentive measure, two new terms were defined: the reserved own share (ROS) and the right to acquire shares as a financial instrument. In this paper, the author analyzes the Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP), examines the diverse applications of the ESOP in comparative law, considers the reasons for its adoption and the adoption procedure itself, and outlines the benefits of its implementation in the national law.
Within the article, theoretical and applied provisions of the application of financial instruments for sustainable development of the countries in the post-shock period of their recovery are ...researched. The authors used a range of general scientific methods of scientific research, namely: abstraction, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, generalization and content analysis. Special attention is paid to the issue of combining the possibility of financing the projects that are designed to ensure the implementation of the concept of sustainable development, and the need to rebuild the national economy in the conditions of a significant shortage of available financial resources. In the work, the essence of financial instruments, their types and features of use are examined in detail. Considerable attention is also paid to the description of the content and the basic provisions of the sustainable development concept; specific features of this concept use in the conditions of unpredictable external shocks that countries may face in the process of their development are analyzed. To deepen the applied provisions, the example of Ukraine and the experience of this country in ensuring sustainable development of economy are considered. The peculiarities of the implementation of the model of sustainable development in the conditions of stochasticity of the external environment are also substantiate; and the main areas of the application of financial instruments to support such development are specified.
The Russian market of derivative financial instruments (hereinafter referred to as derivatives) has been analyzed. Differentiation of the derivatives market have been carried out both by derivatives ...and by participants. The main leaders have been identified both in the futures and options market as a whole in the derivatives market and in the segments. According to the results of the analysis carried out on the basis of the Moscow Exchange data, the preferential development of index and currency instruments have been revealed, which makes investment companies active in the derivatives market. There is an increase in the volume of commodity derivatives. In general, the Russian derivatives market is characterized by a narrow set of both derivatives and underlying assets, which significantly reduces the range of risks for which hedging is possible in the financial market.
SUKUK AS A FINANCIAL ASSET: A REVIEW Hossain, Mohammed Sawkat; Uddin, Md Hamid; Kabir, Sarkar Humayun
Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies journal,
04/2018, Letnik:
22
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Sukuk, an Islamic replication of bond, is a structured financial instrument innovated about two decades ago in line with the historical development of Islamic finance. Despite the phenomenal growth ...of global sukuk market, the academic research on sukuk is yet at infancy stage, particularly because scholars did not deeply look at this remarkable financial innovation. As of now, there is a growing body of sukuk literature that mostly based on qualitative analysis addressing shari'ah guidelines, ethical matters, distinguishing features, contractual mechanisms and structures of sukuk; a few of them provide some empirical analyses. Given this background, we make fundamental efforts to conduct a systematic review on sukuk studies to identify the unexplored research issues on sukuk. Hence the findings of the meta-analysis identify several thematic areas on sukuk, such as: (i) Sukuk characteristics, (ii) sukuk and convention bonds, (iii) sukuk valuations, (iv) sukuk roles in corporate capital structure and (v) key challenges in sukuk market. All in all, this academic effort significantly contributes to enhance our knowledge in Islamic finance and outlines the specific future research agenda.
The purpose of this research is to review historical development of Islamic finance in individual East Asian economies, including China, Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong, and examine the success ...factors of the Hong Kong Sukuk issuances in 2014-2017. The research is a qualitative study applying case study method. It is found that the East Asian economies do play efforts to develop their Islamic capital markets although they have very limited size of Muslim population. Their progress on this development generally remains to be slow. The Hong Kong Sukuk is a breakthrough, carrying a total issuance value of US$3 billion. The Sukuk issuances, treated as a kind of asset-backed securities with restrictions on financing purposes, are distributed to international investors by investment banks from Hong Kong, Middle East and Malaysia. Success factors of these issuances include involvement of an issuer with high credit quality, recognition by central bank for using the Sukuk in its discount facility for commercial banks, centralized clearing services for the Sukuk and global banking network for underwriting the Sukuk. The lessons from the Hong Kong Sukuk are good references for other economies to develop their regional Islamic capital markets and to integrate the markets into the global capital market.
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