This study examines the patterns of educational attainment and first employment among young Japanese, and their effects on the likelihood of first marriage, using micro-level data drawn from a ...national family survey in 2004 and its follow-up in 2007. Attainment of higher education increased dramatically in postwar Japan, and such gains were especially notable for women. Meanwhile, regular employment has decreased, and temporary employment has risen rapidly among young Japanese since the 1990s. The study reveals that obtaining regular employment as the first job strongly enhances the likelihood of first marriage for both genders although the marriage-enhancing effect is stronger for men than for women. First entry to the labor market as a temporary worker also significantly diminishes the likelihood of first marriage for men. Like other industrialized economies in Asia, improving educational attainment is found to be a factor causing declining first marriage among young Japanese women.
Background. The problem of youth adaptation in the labor market remains one of the urgent problems of Russian society caused by the transformations of professional and educational structures. The ...purpose of the work is to analyze the real and desired practices of the first employment of young people. Materials and methods. It is based on the materi-als of the authorʼs empirical research on the analysis of documents (electronic resumes of young people aged 18–25 on the HeadHunter portal). When considering the practices of the first employment, two conditional groups are identified: those who are looking for their first job and those who already have first job experience. Attention was paid to the presence of a diploma when applying for a first job, entry into the labor market was recorded before graduation or in the year of graduation. For young people who are looking for their first job, the qualification and job preferences of employment have been identified. For the se-cond group, the real experience of the first job is described. Results. At the stage of the first employment, most of the requests of young people, regardless of the level of education, are focused on positions of higher qualifications. When entering the labor market, motives are adjusted, which is reflected in employment in positions not of higher but of average qualifi-cations. The analysis of the first work experience indicated in the resume showed that uni-versity graduates occupy positions of higher qualification more often than graduates of vo-cational schools. Conclusions. When looking for a first job, young people adhere to both the strategy of gaining experience in their specialty in the skilled labor sector and the sce-narios of part-time jobs in positions of lower qualifications. The economic and socio-professional motives of employment are highlighted. Economic dominates in the low-skilled labor sector. Social and professional motives are visible in the desire to occupy posi-tions of higher and secondary qualifications at the start of a career, there is a focus on pro-fessional implementation in the intellectual labor sector.
Many studies show that females’ age at first childbirth affects important outcomes of these females and their offspring such as health- and socioeconomic-related variables. This paper analyzes ...whether there is a causal relationship between working mothers’ school entry age and the timing at which they give birth by exploiting Korea’s elementary school entry cutoff regulation. Using administrative employment insurance data that record the fertility history of female working mothers together with regression discontinuity design, we find that a year’s delay in age at school starting increases age at first and second childbirth by approximately 3 and 4 months, respectively. We also find that one of the mechanisms that affects the relationship between these two variables is age at first employment. The estimated effects of SSA are likely to be salient in a country where educational sequence that a student experience is rigid.
The purpose of this study is to explore the relation between personality traits and the level of aspiration to acquire new skills and improve one’s competence in the midst of first employment. ...Although with mixed results, previous studies indicated that personality attributes influence goal orientation, both in the school and work settings. However, there have not been any studies that have specifically analysed this relation in the context preceding the first employment. The results of this research, on a sample of last-semester business administration students of an esteemed mid-European university, indicate that prior to the first employment, two personality traits—openness to new ideas and disposition to negative emotions—influence the level of motivation to acquire knowledge and novel modes of action. Insight into the antecedents of an individual’s orientation towards increasing and developing competencies prior to the first employment is an important topic for organizations who have the imperative to develop more sustainable knowledge management practices in an early stage of organizational socialization.
In Sub-Saharan African countries like Ethiopia, the waiting time for graduates before having their first job is very high. This study aimed at predicting the waiting time to get their first job and ...the effects of the associated factors. A retrospective study was conducted based on the 2021 graduate tracer survey data at Wolkite University. By considering the complete information on the total of 2069 graduates, the accelerated failure time model was used to identify the different factors. The median waiting time to first employment for the graduates was 17 months. The Weibull accelerated failure time model was the most efficient model to examine the waiting time among other survival models. It revealed that graduates from all colleges had shorter waiting times when compared to colleges of agriculture and natural resource. Graduates who scored lower have been waiting longer to get their first employment when compared to the high scorer. Graduates who were from Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, and other regions have been waiting for about 1.30, 1.18, 1.93, and 1.38 times longer, respectively, compared to those who were from Addis Ababa. Also, graduates who search for a job through relations and others had shorter waiting times when compared to those searching through public advertisements. College of graduates, CGPA, region, ways of searching for a job, and numbers of applications were statistically significant factors identified. So considering these factors is vital to produce labor market-oriented professionals hired within a short time.
The authors investigate the accuracy of young women's retrospective reporting on their first substantial employment in three major, nationally representative U.S. surveys, examining hypotheses that ...longer recall duration, employment histories with lower salience and higher complexity, and an absence of "anchoring" biographical details will adversely affect reporting accuracy. The authors compare retrospective reports to benchmark panel survey estimates for the same cohorts. Sociodemographic groups—notably non-Hispanic white women and women with college-educated mothers—whose early employment histories at these ages are in aggregate more complex (multiple jobs) and lower in salience (more part-time jobs) are more likely to omit the occurrence of their first substantial job or employment and to misreport their first job or employment as occurring at an older age. Also, retrospective reports are skewed toward overreporting longer, therefore more salient, later jobs over shorter, earlier jobs. The relatively small magnitudes of differences, however, indicate that the retrospective questions nevertheless capture these summary indicators of first substantial employment reasonably accurately. Moreover, these differences are especially small for groups of women who are more likely to experience labor-market disadvantage and for women with early births.
In Colombia there exists the idea that more educated , more likely to find , in the labor market , a well-paid and socially recognized. However, being young is cause of employment discrimination. ...Young people when confronted for the first time to the labour market are vulnerable for several reasons, which lead them to be underemployed or linked to the informal economy. In this context, the “First Employment Law” creates expectations that are not attainable without the joint between business, State and population group. This document aims to analyze the effect of this law on youth employment, since the program seeks a formalization of employment and generate scenarios with favorable conditions for young people as a means to difficult access to the labour market for the first time. The results indicate that even though education is not always it is a guarantor for youngsters that entrants to the labour market, find a job in the formal sector, and less labor conditions in young people go in line with the knowledge or abilities that it has.
This paper focuses on evaluating strategic management of the labor market through legislated active labor market measures introduced in the Slovak Republic to support youth employment. Based on the ...presented statistical data and managerial and legal analysis of the labor market in the Slovak Republic, with particular emphasis on the economic status of young people, two key parts of the adopted strategic document should provide better economic security for young adults. From the point of view of employers the initiatives are an attractive means for incorporating young adults into the economy, especially because this allows for increased active management of personnel costs that are directly related to compensatory incentives from the side of state agencies for employment of young people. This strategic management creates possibilities for employers to gain access to lower labor costs and to realize significant cost savings. Supporting data are presented graphically and at the same time the cost savings for employers are calculated. Overall, these two analyses demonstrate the practical effect of the new strategic measures on corporate management of personnel costs
This paper investigates the determinants of the transition from higher education to work across Europe using various specifications of duration models and a one-time multi-country survey of ...university graduates from nine European countries. Results point to differences between the North and South of Europe in the difficulty of getting a first job. They confirm that individual characteristics such as the field/level of studies or the socioeconomic background, and individual job search bear a significant relationship to the probability of finding a job. Evidence of unobserved heterogeneity is also found. (HRK / Abstract übernommen).
Background Low back pain has been estimated to be the most costly ailment of people of working age. Both work characteristics and individual factors have been identified as risk factors. The first ...interaction between work characteristics and individual factors occurs when workers start in their first job. Aims To investigate work-related risk factors for first-ever low back pain in young workers in their first employment. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 278 young workers in their first employment and without a history of low back pain prior to working. Work-related physical factors, psychosocial work characteristics, individual variables and first-ever low back pain were queried by means of a questionnaire. Results About half of the workers who developed low back pain after job start did so in the first year of employment. An increased risk was observed for (i) long periods of seated work relative risk (RR) = 3.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6–6.4; (ii) more than 12 flexion or rotation movements of the trunk per hour (RR = 3.0, 95%CI = 1.4–6.4); and (iii) more than 3 years seniority in a job involving lifting more than 25 kg at least once an hour (RR = 3.7, 95%CI = 1.4–9.4). As to psychosocial work characteristics, first-ever low back pain was associated with a combination of low psychological job demands and low supervisor support. Conclusion Work-related physical factors and psychosocial work characteristics should be considered as risk factors for first-ever low back pain. First-ever episodes of low back pain are common in the first year of employment. This may reflect a lack of work experience or training.
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