The value of non‐commodity ecosystem services provided by forests is widely recognized, but intensive forest management practices are increasing, with uncertain consequences for a multitude of these ...services. Quantitative relationships among biodiversity conservation, timber production and other ecosystem services remain poorly understood, especially during the early‐successional period of intensively managed forestlands.
We manipulated management intensity in regenerating forest plantations to test the prediction that treatments aimed at maximizing timber production decrease biodiversity conservation and non‐timber services. We measured species richness of 3 taxonomic groups and 13 proxies for provisioning, cultural and regulating services within stands randomly assigned to one of the three herbicide application intensities or an untreated control.
Herbicides increased allocation of net primary production to crop trees, increasing projected timber volume and revenues at 40‐ and 60‐year harvest ages. Commonly used herbicide prescriptions reduced culturally valued plants by 71%, wild‐ungulate forage by 41%, avian richness by 20% and pollinator floral resources by 42%, the latter being associated with 38% fewer pollinator species. However, agriculturally valued bumblebees, pollination of blueberries, avian‐mediated arthropod control, wild ungulate observations and regulation services tied to forest productivity appeared unaffected by increasing management intensity and timber production.
Species richness and flora‐provided services in young forest plantations exhibited strong trade‐offs with projected timber production, whereas post‐treatment vegetation regeneration and site‐level variation likely maintained a range of other services. Although vegetation recovery is important for supporting wildlife and some ecosystem services on industrial forestlands, it is unlikely that any single prescription can optimize both timber and non‐timber benefits to society across managed forest landscapes. Instead, producing different services in discrete portions of the landscape may be necessary.
Synthesis and applications. We tested the effects of intensive forest management via herbicides on ecosystem services and found that biodiversity responses and services from early‐successional vegetation trade‐off against timber production. A number of services appeared to be compatible with timber production, although no single prescription optimized the full range of services. Stand‐level biodiversity conservation and a variety of services could potentially be provided by treatment skips and less‐intensive management on productive sites, although it is unlikely that all services can be optimized without landscape‐level planning.
We tested the effects of intensive forest management via herbicides on ecosystem services and found that biodiversity responses and services from early‐successional vegetation trade‐off against timber production. A number of services appeared to be compatible with timber production, although no single prescription optimized the full range of services. Stand‐level biodiversity conservation and a variety of services could potentially be provided by treatment skips and less‐intensive management on productive sites, although it is unlikely that all services can be optimized without landscape‐level planning.
Atewa Forest Reserve is a Globally Significant Biodiversity Area and Important Bird Area in Ghana. The reserve has lost over 10% and 35% of its close canopy and buffer zone respectively in the last ...twenty years. Increasing the status of the reserve to a National Park with a buffer zone has been recommended as the key intervention that could help achieve a more optimal flow of its benefits to people. It is, however, not clear if fringe communities whose livelihoods are directly linked to the reserve will support such intervention. To provide an indication of their potential level of support and appreciation of this recommendation, we used contingent valuation method with the double-bounded dichotomous choice approach and an open ended follow up question to estimate willingness to pay of members in the fringe communities. The majority were willing to donate a day's wage for 12 months to support the project if implemented. The estimated mean willingness to pay was Ghȼ 9.99, (US$ 2.22). Respondents' income level, age and initial bid offered are the main factors that influence respondents' willingness to pay. The policy implication and importance of understanding socio-economic characteristics of households in the process of designing such intervention is discussed in the paper.
The demand for quality wild fungi has been continually increasing over the past few years. However, problems arise when modelling this demand, owing to the difficulty of finding precise data on their ...origin or value chain. Nor is there any reliable information on the preferences of consumers; therefore, in this work, we aimed to analyse the influence of internet search engines on the demand for porcini mushrooms, a highly appreciated wild fungus. For this purpose, weekly figures for their prices and the amounts sold over nine years in one of the main central markets in Spain have been recorded for diverse wild (porcini, saffron milk caps, and king oyster mushrooms) and cultivated fungi. In addition, for the same period, searches for wild mushrooms using Google Trends and Google search engines were analysed. The results show that these searches improve the classic demand model, presenting different signs with regard to their influence on the price of the mushroom analysed. An increase in searches over time was also verified, which could be considered as an indicator of an increase in demand. Lastly, no complementarity relationships or substitutions for any other emblematic mushroom in Spain (saffron milk caps), or for any cultivated fungi, were observed.
•Demand for porcini mushrooms has been increasing over the past few years.•Google Trends and Google search engines have been considered to explain this demand.•These new variables improve classic demand models in a Spanish case study.•No complementarity relationships with other edible mushrooms have been observed.
Abstract
Forest-based measures to mitigate climate change are increasingly being acknowledged as options for meeting the global targets of the Paris Agreement. In this context, carbon pricing systems ...may foster carbon sequestration in forests and harvested wood products. Forest sector models (FSMs) are established simulation instruments for assessing the possible impacts of carbon pricing systems on forest-based mitigation potentials, forestry, and forest product markets. However, the characteristics of the implemented carbon pricing systems differ among these assessment tools. To map and evaluate this variability, we conducted a scoping review of carbon pricing systems in FSMs, following the RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES). Drawing on 49 modeling studies, including 351 scenarios, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art methods for implementing carbon pricing systems in FSMs, discuss technical aspects and uncertainties, and identify possible future research trends. Our results reveal similarities in the types of carbon pricing systems and differences regarding the system boundaries and carbon price-related characteristics of the implemented systems. Geographically, since most studies target either the Northern Hemisphere or the world, we found a lack of in-depth assessments in tropical and boreal countries. Further, additionality, permanence, and leakage of forest-related mitigation measures are addressed using different approaches with varying practicability. Mostly, the observed heterogeneity in the implemented carbon pricing systems can be related to the attributes of pre-existing modeling frameworks. We systematically collect and highlight tools to analyze the role of forest-based mitigation measures in the context of climate commitments and outline carbon pricing policies that could support their implementation. For future studies, the assessment of policy mixes involving carbon pricing and the inclusion of climate change effects on forest growth appear to be crucial for delivering more robust projections of forest-based mitigation potentials and, hence, for increasing the reliability of the forest-based contribution to climate mitigation actions.
A indústria de base florestal é relevante para a economia mundial, pois seus produtos primários e secundários são usados como matéria-prima para outros setores e serviços gerando emprego e renda para ...a população e tributos para o Estado. No Brasil, a indústria florestal se destaca pela riqueza em madeira, porém, gera elevada quantidade de resíduos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a quantidade e os fatores responsáveis pela produção de resíduos madeireiros das indústrias de base florestal da Região Metropolitana de Belém, Pará. Para tanto, foram consideradas um universo de 120 empresas que realizavam o processamento primário e secundário, bem como movelarias. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicadas em uma amostra de 31 empresas e observações in loco. As variáveis foram analisadas através da estatística descritiva e correlação de Pearson. Verificou-se que as empresas geraram um total de 12,3 mil m³/mês, com média de 398,9 m³/mês de resíduo. O número de espécies madeireiras influenciou na quantidade de resíduos. Conclui-se, que a partir da comparação com outras pesquisas com esse mesmo tema, que as empresas geram quantidade significativa de resíduo em consequência do número de espécies processadas.
In the coming decades, climate change is projected to cause carbon dioxide fertilization effects in pine forests in the US Southeast. Resulting changes in pine (loblolly) growth will impact forest ...markets and regional carbon sequestration. We examine this impact in the context of baseline demand scenarios of increasing sophistication to determine the relative impact of growth and business as usual assumptions on forest growing stock volume, removals, prices and carbon sequestration. We use above-ground biomass data generated from the 3-PG forest growth model based on 20 climate models and Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios 4.5 and 8.5. We examine forest market and carbon sequestration impacts using the Sub-Regional Timber Supply model, with and without climate change-related growth. Results suggest that forest growing stock will increase under all climate change scenarios. Timber prices under carbon fertilization are projected to be lower over the long run.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a rotação econômica de plantações de eucalipto em três diferentes sítios produtivos sob condições de risco. Os dados utilizados na realização do estudo são ...provenientes de plantios equiâneos e monoclonais do híbrido Eucalyptus urograndis, e cedidos pela empresa Fibria Celulose. Além dos dados de produção das áreas foram também cedidas as informações de fluxo de caixa. Para a análise de risco utilizou-se o método de Monte Carlo, tendo como resultado da simulação o Valor Presente Líquido para séries Infinitas e, como variáveis de entrada e/ou fontes de incertezas, as distribuições de probabilidade referentes ao preço da terra e da madeira, o custo de colheita e transporte, a taxa de juros e além da produção de madeira. A simulação constituiu na realização 10.000 de iterações, em que foram obtidas as informações necessárias ao prosseguimento das análises. Concluiu-se que a rotação ótima para corte foi de 6, 8 e 11 anos nos sítios bom (I), médio (II) e ruim (III), respectivamente, sendo, portanto, condizente com as leis biológicas de crescimento. Conclui-se ainda que sob as mesmas condições de manejo, sítios mais produtivos geram maior retorno econômico e por consequência menor risco em cenários econômicos desfavoráveis.
•Agroforestry enhances the generation of income and the recovery of degraded areas.•Agroforestry practice can be a viable alternative to family farming.•The volatility of emerging markets influence ...on return on investment.
The return on investment in agroforestry depends mainly on meteorological and market variables, both uncontrollable. For this, it is necessary to prepare investment projects to verify the feasibility before executing them, minimizing the risks and uncertainties to the farmer. In this sense, the study aimed to identify the economic and financial viability of a biodiverse agroforestry system to boost income generation and recovery of degraded areas. For this, it was decided to model a biodiverse agroforestry arrangement with the purpose of meeting the new Brazilian Forest Code, Law no. 12,651 of 2012 and promoting economic-financial return to the family farmer in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The study method considered the following capital investment valuation techniques: Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Equivalent Uniform Annual Worth (EUAW), Discounted Payback Period (DPP), Profitability Index (PI), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). In addition, sensitivity and risk analyzes were developed using Software R (R Development Core Team). There were 10,000 interactions between variables of productivity, price and variable costs. The results demonstrate that the agroforestry system is significantly viable regardless of whether the farmer owns rural property, since net sales revenues can remain higher than the costs over 20 years.
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