An analysis of a numerous official documents and publications reveals a serious crisis of forest management in Russia. Forest management paradigm, defined by the Forest Code ideologues, will lead ...inevitably to the Russian forest fund degradation. Meanwhile, forestry is production industry in which laws of the market economy are in force. For this reason, forest management should be reconstructed in Russia. A principle of forestry revival will be impartial ecological and market economic assessment of forest resources, which would be instrumental in transition of the subsidized scheme of forest management financing to a system that would provide rational forestry and a profit. Forestry organization is the key task of forest inventory that is completed in close connection with forest economy and forest management. Specific problems of sustainable forestry organization and forest use should be solved on this basis. When State owns forests in the market economy environments, stumpage sale at prices lower than the cost for reforestation cannot be allowed. In view of this, market transition of forest use is crucial to establish payments for standing timber based on rental income. This will guarantee the financing of reforestation as well as assignments to the budget at the different levels. Chief reorganization objective of forest management in Russia is outlined as follows: ensuring economic efficiency of the forest sector; sustainable use of forest resources and reforestation; forest conservation for the next generations.
Forest management and disturbances are among the main drivers of changes in forest dynamics in temperate ecosystems. To promote and maintain forest multifunctionality and species persistence in the ...landscape, it is critical that the interactions between these factors and forest biodiversity are disentangled. Still, the relationships between disturbances and forest management are poorly understood and may hinder an adequate planning of management and conservation actions in these forests. Here we address this issue via a coupled ecological-economic modeling system under different climate change scenarios. We employed data from a large-scale field-based research in southwestern Germany, in combination with a climate-sensitive forest growth model. Thereby, we quantified changes in multiple biodiversity indicators (including richness of birds, bats and flying insect orders) and tree microhabitats (TreMs) in the face of disturbance and management interventions. Our results show that windstorms may cause economic damage in managed forests, but at the same time improve biodiversity indicators in these areas. Salvage logging, however, may dampen these positive impacts for the majority of indicators considered. Moreover, management solutions targeting at wind risk mitigation may be detrimental to some taxa (e.g. forest birds) but still performed better than the business-as-usual management, in terms of the biodiversity indicators applied. We conclude that considering disturbance impacts on forest dynamics will be key to maintain the sustainability in the use of forest resources and support species persistence in temperate forest landscapes.
The primary theme of this study is the cost-effectiveness of fuel treatments at multiple scales of investment. We focused on the nexus of fuel management and suppression response planning, designing ...spatial fuel treatment strategies to incorporate landscape features that provide control opportunities that are relevant to fire operations. Our analysis explored the frequency and magnitude of fire-treatment encounters, which are critical determinants of treatment efficacy. Additionally, we examined avoided area burned, avoided suppression costs, and avoided damages, and combined all three under the umbrella of leverage to explore multiple dimensions with which to characterize return on investment. We chose the Sierra National Forest, California, USA, as our study site, due to previous work providing relevant data and analytical products, and because it has the potential for large, long-duration fires and corresponding potential for high suppression expenditures. Modeling results generally confirmed that fire-treatment encounters are rare, such that median suppression cost savings are zero, but in extreme years, savings can more than offset upfront investments. Further, reductions in risk can expand areas where moderated suppression response would be appropriate, and these areas can be mapped in relation to fire control opportunities.
Charcoal plays a relevant role in developing countries, with potential to contribute to the energy needs as a cheaper and carbon-friendly alternative. In Brazil, eucalyptus-charcoal has gained ...attention as an input for metal-steel industries, mostly supplied by small and medium forest producers. Those commonly use rudimentary charcoal-kilns, characterized by higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reduced productivity and economically unsustainable impacted by their reduced financial management. In order to fulfill this gap, a simplified financial planning model and an economic analysis of a less polluting charcoal productive system, called kilns-furnace system, were performed, also comparing to traditional charcoal-kilns. A differentiated cost of capital pricing model was also proposed, adjusted to bioenergy projects in emerging markets. Results showed that kilns-furnace system presented the best financial indicators, with greater free cash flow capacity, shorter reimbursement period, reduced charcoal production cost, better return on invested capital and a financial resilience even under pessimistic conditions. With its risk-return ratio verified, kilns-furnace larger insertion may be an attraction for charcoal producers, with probable increased long-term economic sustainability when compared to traditional kilns. The proposed cost of capital pricing model opened a new perspective for its calculation in developing countries, and should be used by producers, companies, and government in investment decision and as a guidance for financing lines.
ABSTRACT This paper analyzed the process of convergence in the gross value of wood production in mesoregions of Northeast Brazil, in the period of 1994 and 2013. The object of study was the Gross ...Value of Production (GVP) of firewood per km2 of the mesoregions of the Northeast of Brazil. In the methodology the Absolute Convergence Model was applied and estimated through the classical model and spatial models. In the spatial approach we used the Spatial Autoregressive Model (SAR) and the Spatial Error Model (SEM). From the results obtained, the following conclusions were reached: The mesoregions of the Northeast of Brazil had an average fall of 3.94% a.a. of the GVP/km2 of native wood for the period 1994 to 2013. Considering the classical linear regression model, convergence was verified and also the presence of spatial dependence for GVP/km2 of firewood. In order to correct the spatial dependence, the SAR and SEM Models were adequate and according to Akaike's Information Criterion and used the rook matrix the SEM was configured the best model. This study showed the importance of the involvement of the spatial question in the models, either by the overlap of information of the GVP and in the development of public policies that positively affect the neighborhood.
RESUMO Este artigo analisou o processo de convergência no valor bruto de produção de lenha nas mesorregiões do Nordeste brasileiro, no período de 1994 e 2013. O objeto de estudo foi o Valor Bruto de Produção(VBP) de lenha por km2 das mesorregiões do Nordeste brasileiro. Na metodologia aplicou-se o Modelo de Convergência absoluta e estimou por meio do modelo clássico e dos modelos espaciais. Na abordagem espacial foram utilizados o Modelo Autorregressivo Espacial (SAR) e o Modelo de Erro espacial (SEM). A partir dos resultados obtidos, chegaram-se as seguintes conclusões: As mesorregiões do Nordeste Brasileiro tiveram uma queda média de 3,94% a.a. do VBP/km2 de lenha nativa, para o período de 1994 a 2013. Considerando o modelo clássico de regressão linear, a convergência foi verificada e também a presença dependência espacial para VBP/km2 de lenha. Para corrigir a dependência espacial, os Modelos SAR e SEM foram adequados e de acordo Critério de Informação de Akaike e utilizado a matriz rook o SEM se configurou o melhor modelo. Este estudo mostrou a importância do envolvimento da questão espacial nos modelos, seja pela sobreposição de informações do VBP e seja no desenvolvimento das políticas públicas que afetam positivamente a vizinhança.
ABSTRACT This paper analyzed the effects of the spatial distribution of the firewood gross production value (GPV) of northeast Brazil through an exploratory approach using spatial data for the period ...from 1994 to 2013. Identification of spatial clusters in firewood production through the spatial weighting matrices of 2 nearest neighbors and “queen” and “rook” contiguity matrices were used. Based on the analyses, the following can be concluded: there is a positive autocorrelation for firewood GPV; the high-high spatial cluster was formed predominantly in the Bahia region; the high-high spatial cluster, which considers the weight matrix per area, was composed of the Ceará and Pernambuco mesoregions; the low-low spatial cluster consisted of the Sergipe and Alagoas mesoregions; and the low-low cluster, which considers the weight matrix per area, was formed by the Sergipe, Alagoas and Piauí regions.
RESUMO Este artigo analisou os efeitos da distribuição espacial do Valor Bruto de Produção da lenha no Nordeste por meio da abordagem exploratória de dados espaciais, no período de 1994 a 2013. Identificou clusters espaciais na produção de lenha por meio das matrizes de ponderação espacial de 2 vizinhos mais próximos e a de contiguidade, convenções “rainha” e “torre”. A partir das análises, concluiu-se que: há autocorrelação positiva no VBP da lenha; O cluster espacial do tipo alto-alto foi formado, predominantemente pela região baiana; O cluster espacial do tipo alto-alto, considerando a matriz de ponderação Per Área, foi composto por mesorregiões do Ceará e Pernambuco; O cluster espacial do tipo baixo-baixo foi constituído por mesorregiões de Sergipe e Alagoas; e o cluster do tipo baixo-baixo, considerando a matriz de ponderação Per Área, foi formado pelas regiões de Sergipe, Alagoas e Piauí.
ABSTRACT This papaer analyzed the global MDF production and its concentration degree between 1995 and 2016. In order to measure and analyze this concentration, we used the Concentration Ratio CR(k), ...the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E), Hall and Tideman Index (HTI), the Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI), and the Gini Index (G). Global MDF production grew 12.81% p.a. from 1995 to 2016, reaching 99 million m3 at the end of the time series. China took over the hegemony in 2001 and arrived in 2016 with about 60% of the world’s MDF supply. The CR(k) of the global MDF production inferred a high concentration, mainly in the CR(4) from 2009. The CR(8) remained with a moderately high average concentration. During this period more than 90% of the offer was retained in the CR(20). The HHI, E and HTI indices corroborate that there is high concentration in global MDF production, as well as the CCI in the studied period. The inequality indicated by G also presented increasing behavior and was classified as strong and very strong. The concentration indicators were efficient in evaluating the concentration degree of the world MDF supply.
RESUMO Este trabalho analisou a produção mundial de MDF e o seu grau de concentração, entre os anos de 1995 e 2016. Para mensurar e analisar esta concentração foram usados a Razão de Concentração CR(k), o Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI), o Índice de Entropia de Theil (E), o Índice de Hall e Tideman (HTI), o Índice de Concentração Compreensível (CCI) e o Índice de Gini (G). A produção de mundial de MDF cresceu 12,81% a.a., no período de 1995 a 2016, chegando a 99 milhões de m3 no final da série temporal. A China assumiu a hegemonia em 2001 e chegou em 2016 com cerca de 60% da oferta mundial de MDF. O CR(k) da produção mundial de MDF inferiu uma alta concentração, principalmente, no CR(4) a partir de 2009. O CR(8) manteve-se com uma média de concentração moderadamente alto. Nesse período mais de 90% da oferta ficaram retidas no CR(20). Os índices HHI, E e HTI corroboram de que há alta concentração na produção mundial de MDF, assim como o CCI no período estudado. A desigualdade indicada pelo G também apresentou comportamento crescente e foi classificada em forte e muito forte. Os indicadores de concentração se mostraram eficientes em avaliar o grau de concentração da oferta mundial de MDF.
During the early 1900s, nearly 37 million hectares of land in the Southern United States were under longleaf pine (
Pinus palustris
) relative to the current area of 1.6 million hectares. This study ...compares the economics of southern pines (longleaf, loblolly (
Pinus taeda
), and slash (
Pinus elliottii
)) to facilitate the decision making of family forest landowners and design suitable financial incentives for increasing the area under longleaf pine in the region. We simulated six growth and yield scenarios for selected southern pines over three site indices in the Lower Coastal Plain of South Georgia. We estimated land expectation values (LEVs) of each scenario for the three cases, i.e., payment for forest products, payment for forest products and net carbon storage, and payment for forest products, net carbon storage, and net water yield. Our findings show that pine straw income significantly increases the LEV of longleaf pine. The financial risk of growing longleaf pine is lower than that of other southern pines. Existing financial support through various governmental incentives or additional monetary support for ecosystem services provided by longleaf pine ecosystems is needed to increase the area under longleaf pine in the Southern United States, in general, and in South Georgia, in particular. However, a need exists to reevaluate the conservation values provided by longleaf plantations considering expected shorter rotation ages due to the income provided by pine straw markets in Southern United States.
ABSTRACT Charcoal has an economic, social and environmental importance, because in addition to being a source of energy, it generates employment and income in the rural environment. Therefore, ...knowing your market is fundamental for the decision-making of those segments that depend on this raw material. This work analyzed the regional concentration of charcoal production in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, from 1994 to 2016. The data used to measure the regional production concentration (in tons) of native Paraíba charcoal were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) from 1994 to 2016. The indicators used were the Concentration Ratio CR(k), the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Theil's entropy index (E) and the Gini Index (G). The main results show that the mesorregions of Borborema and Sertão Paraibano present concentrations in charcoal production from Paraíba. The CR(k) of the municipalities had a low to moderately low concentration and a moderately high to a high concentration for the microregions; the HHI and E showed deconcentration tendencies from competitive markets; the G showed strong to very strong inequality for the municipalities and microregions on average. It is concluded that the concentration of charcoal production at regional levels is not concentrated, even though it presents a moderate concentration in the partial indices CR(k) for the Paraíba microregions.
RESUMO O carvão vegetal tem uma importância econômica, social e ambiental, pois além de fonte de energia, gera emprego e renda no meio rural. Portanto, conhecer o seu mercado é fundamental para as tomadas de decisões daqueles segmentos que dependem desta matéria prima. Este trabalho analisou a concentração regional da produção de carvão vegetal no estado da Paraíba, Brasil, no período de 1994 a 2016. Os dados empregados para mensurar a concentração regional da produção (em toneladas) do carvão vegetal nativo da Paraíba foram obtidos no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), no período de 1994 a 2016. Os indicadores utilizados foram a Razão de Concentração CR(k), o Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI), o índice de entropia de Theil (E) e o Índice de Gini (G). Os principais resultados mostram que as mesorregiões da Borborema e do Sertão Paraibano se concentram a produção de carvão vegetal da Paraíba. O CR(k) dos municípios teve concentração baixa a moderadamente baixa e para as microrregiões uma concentração moderadamente alto a alto; o HHI e E mostraram tendências de desconcentração apresentando de mercados competitivos; o G mostrou em média uma desigualdade forte a muito forte para os municípios e microrregiões. Conclui-se que a concentração da produção do carvão vegetal nos níveis regionais não é concentrada, mesmo apresentando concentração moderada nos índices parciais CR(k) para as microrregiões da Paraíba.
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