In this study, the unified formulation of a full geometrically nonlinear refined plate theory in a total Lagrangian approach is developed to study the post-buckling and large-deflection analysis of ...sandwich functionally graded (FG) plate with FG porous (FGP) core. The plate has three layers so that the upper and lower layers are FG and the middle layer (core) is the FGP, which is considered with four cases in terms of the porosity core distribution. The different two-dimensional (2D) plate structures kinematics are consistently implemented based on the Carrera’s Unified Formulation (CUF) by means of an index notation and an arbitrary expansion function of the generalized variables in the thickness direction, leading to lower- to higher-order plate models with only pure displacement variables. Furthermore, a finite element approximation and the principle of virtual work are used to easily and straightforwardly formulate the nonlinear governing equations in a total Lagrangian manner, whereas a path-following Newton-Raphson linearization scheme based on the arc-length constraint is utilized to solve the full geometrically nonlinear problem. Numerical assessments are finally conducted to confirm the capabilities of the proposed CUF plate model to predict the post-buckling and large-deflection equilibrium curves with high accuracy.
The D-shaped coil is employed in the design of the hybrid toroidal magnet for 10 MJ high-temperature superconducting magnetic energy storage (HTS-SMES) to mitigate the huge bending moment on the ...coil. During the power compensation process of the SMES system, the time-varying currents induce ac losses within the magnet, leading to heating and temperature rise. Excessive temperature rise can result in the magnet experiencing a quench or even damage. Therefore, accurately calculating the ac losses generated by the magnet for HTS-SMES is crucial for the stable operation of the system. Generally, 2-D models cannot accurately simulate the complex geometric shapes of superconducting coils with nonaxisymmetric properties. This article applies the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\bm {H}</tex-math></inline-formula>-formulation and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">T</tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">A</tex-math></inline-formula> formulation and their homogeneous method to the 3-D finite element method (FEM) models of a D-shaped double-pancake coil (DPC). The effectiveness of the established 3-D FEM models has been verified through ac loss measurement experiments on a D-shaped HTS DPC at 77 K temperature. The application strategies of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">T</tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">A</tex-math></inline-formula> full, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">T</tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">A</tex-math></inline-formula> homogenization, and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">H</tex-math></inline-formula> homogenization in the 3-D FEM models have been comprehensively compared under different sizes of D-shaped HTS DPCs. Subsequently, the distribution characteristics of ac losses in a D-shaped DPC have been analyzed. The research findings reveal that the distribution of ac losses exhibits nonuniformity along the arc direction of the coil. The difference between the maximum and minimum values in this coil is approximately 15.1% in the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\bm {H}</tex-math></inline-formula> homogeneous model and 14.0% in the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">T</tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">A</tex-math></inline-formula> homogeneous model. This work holds significant guidance for the computational assessment of ac losses in the hybrid toroidal magnet for 10 MJ HTS-SMES.
Machine scheduling is one of the most studied problems due to its technical challenges and prevalence in real life. In the literature, continuous- and discrete-time formulations are the two most ...known formulations for scheduling problems. However, continuous-time formulations often suffer from weak linear relaxations, while discrete-time formulations struggle with large numbers of variables. In contrast, the bucket-indexed formulation is an alternative that mitigates both issues by working with partial time discretization. We propose a mixed-integer linear programming model based on a bucket-indexed formulation to solve a nonpreemptive scheduling problem of identical parallel machines considering release dates, deadlines, precedence, eligibility, and machine availability constraints. We evaluate the proposed formulation against real-world instances comprising more than 400 jobs and 100 machines, comparing its performance against equivalent continuous- and discrete-time formulations. Remarkably, our formulation can be solved to optimality for all instances, outperforming both continuous- and discrete-time formulations.
•Proposes a new bucket-indexed formulation for parallel machine scheduling.•Deals with large-scale instances based on real-world rig scheduling problems.•The proposed formulation outperforms other formulations in the literature.
In the past two decades, there has been a spiraling increase in the complexity and specificity of drug-receptor targets. It is possible to design drugs for these diverse targets with advances in ...combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening. Unfortunately, but not entirely unexpectedly, these advances have been accompanied by an increase in the structural complexity and a decrease in the solubility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Therefore, the importance of formulation strategies to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs is inevitable, thus making it crucial to understand and explore the recent trends.
Drug delivery systems (DDS), such as solid dispersions, soluble complexes, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), nanocrystals and mesoporous inorganic carriers, are discussed briefly in this review, along with examples of marketed products. This article provides the reader with a concise overview of currently relevant formulation strategies and proposes anticipated future trends.
Today, the pharmaceutical industry has at its disposal a series of reliable and scalable formulation strategies for poorly soluble drugs. However, due to a lack of understanding of the basic physical chemistry behind these strategies, formulation development is still driven by trial and error.
Chikungunya disease (CHIKD) is caused by the alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and is characterized by acute fever and joint inflammation; the inflammation continues even after clearance of the ...virus from the system, persisting for several months to years. Currently, there are no modern medicines/vaccines available for its treatment and use of over-the-counter anti-inflammatory generic medicines to relieve symptoms is generally practiced. In India, Indian traditional medicines hold a lot of promise to treat this infection and are routinely used during outbreaks.
In the present study, we characterized the phytochemical and physicochemical properties of aqueous and ethanol extracts of the Vathasura Kudineer (VSK), a Andrographis based Siddha polyherbal formulation. Additionally, we evaluated its immunomodulatory and antiviral potential using an in vitro system.
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of VSK were prepared and their physico and phytochemical properties were obtained by biochemical and biophysical assays, HPTLC and FTIR. The aqueous extracts of VSK and several of its ingredients were evaluated for their cytotoxicity in Vero cells and using the maximum non-toxic concentration (MNTC), were processed further for evaluating their ability to inhibit CHIKV infection in Vero cells. We performed the co-treatment assay with ethanol extract of VSK and several of its ingredients to assess the antiviral activity against chikungunya virus on Vero cells and through pre-treatment assay (anti-adhesive effect), co-incubation assay (virucidal effect) and post-treatment assay (post-entry effect) were evaluated. Further, we tested the aqueous extract of VSK along with some of its ingredients for their immunomodulatory properties. We performed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays using LPS-simulated RAW 264.7 cells. For antioxidant capacity of extracts, we performed extra-cellular ABTS radical scavenging activity and intra-cellular effects on ROS generation and SOD activity. We assessed the effect on most important inflammatory mediators like Nitric oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα).
We provided the fingerprint of the phytochemicals of both ethanol and aqueous extracts of VSK that can be used for identification. We observed that ethanol extract was able to inhibit CHIKV infection at MNTC with 48 h of treatment on Vero cells. Its ingredient VSKI-As (Anethum sowa) found to be most effective to show virucidal effect while VSKI-Cs (Clerodendrum serratum) and VSKI-Pn (Pipper nigrum) found to be effective in post-entry effect. VSK was able to show ABTS radical scavenging activity, reduce ROS generation, inhibit the inflammatory mediators (NO and PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.
We provided the evidence that VSK has both immunomodulatory as well as antiviral potential. It shows virucidal as well as post-entry effects on chikungunya virus. VSK can inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNFα production by suppressing the inflammatory mediators, NO and PGE2.
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•VSK, an Andrographis based formulation has antiviral potential. VSK-EE showed both virucidal and post-entry effects.•Its ingredient, VSKI-As has most potential virucidal effect while VSKI-Cs were found to be most effective to show post-entry effect.•VSK-AE showed promising immunomodulatory effect in in vitro. It showed antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory effect.•VSK was found to suppress immune mediators like NO and PGE2 thereby inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines, IL1β and TNFα.
Present study proposes a nonlinear formulation to study the large amplitude free vibration of composite laminated plates reinforced by graphene sheets. Volume fraction of graphene sheets as ...reinforcements may be different in the layers. Material properties of the constituents are assumed to be temperature dependent. Properties of the composite media are obtained using a refined Halpin–Tsai approach where the auxiliary parameters are included into the formulation to capture the size dependency of the nanocomposite media. With the aid of third order shear deformation plate theory and the von Kármán type of kinematic assumptions, the basic governing equations of the plate are established. Afterwards, a non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) based isogeometric finite element method is used to study the large amplitude free vibration response of the graphene reinforced composite plates in thermal environment. Large amplitude frequencies as a function of centre point deflection are provided for different functionally graded patterns, aspect ratios, side to thickness ratios and boundary conditions.
The host-microbe interaction established through natural evolution in plants sets the basis of plant growth and productivity benefits from a single microbe or a consortium. Select algal, fungal, ...bacterial (particularly LABs), actinomycetes and yeast groups are potential effective microbes (EMs) in agriculture. As environmental probiotics, EMs help in crop growth and wellbeing by fixing N2, solubilising K and P, unlocking soil trace elements, secreting exopolysaccharides, transforming organic matter into usable nutrients, enhancing soil water-holding capacity and improving the overall soil health. They also release bioactive compounds like vitamins, hormones and enzymes to stimulate plant growth, secrete biocontrol agents and enhance drought tolerance. As the soil profile and its intrinsic microbial ecology along geographical regions vary, a universal ‘one-size-fits-all’ effective microbial formulation cannot be envisaged. Although minerals cycling is majorly accomplished by specialised microbes, their activity is positively or adversely impacted by the interacting biotic community (microbe-microbe, microbe-plant or microbe-animal/human) and abiotic constituents. Crops benefit by positive associations with beneficial microbes as mutualism, symbiosis, commensalism, amensalism, photocooperation, etc., and by negative association against the harmful microbes like antagonism. The plant-growth-promoting role of microbes and the scope to formulate EM are the basis on these facts. EMs are applied for crop growth in the form of consortia which usually include phototrophs, lactic acid bacteria, actinomycetes, fermentative fungi, yeasts, etc. along with an effective carrier substrate (prebiotic) as formulations. The rDNA technology in plant growth promoting microbe (PGPM) with enhanced performance is also discussed. The review provides an insight into the dynamics of ecological interactions as the guiding principles of EM formulation with respect to plant growth promoting microbes, and the beneficial roles of effective microbial formulations in crop wellbeing and productivity enhancement.
ABSTRACT
Objectives
Creating a formulation is one of the key competencies of a clinical psychologist and is understood to be important for guiding therapeutic input and understanding client distress. ...However, client experience of formulations can vary, with some reporting it is unhelpful and distressing. This novel review explores the experiences of clinicians and clients when creating a formulation, specifically the barriers and facilitators to collaborating on a formulation. This ultimately aims to improve client experience and engagement in formulation.
Methods
A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO and EMBASE was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO. This search was conducted using terms related to ‘psychological formulation’ and ‘experience’. Nineteen qualitative papers met inclusion criteria and were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Findings that pertained to formulation were thematically synthesised.
Results
Three analytical themes were identified: toleration of the formulation process—‘a necessary evil’, which highlights the potential emotional impact of formulation on the client and indicates the importance of responding to client readiness and expectations of formulation; development of the therapeutic relationship—‘it's like a two way thing, isn't it?’, which suggests that client empowerment, adapting to client needs and clinicians creating a safe and containing environment facilitated the formulation process; systemic factors—‘walking a tightrope’, which highlights the constraints of resources and team dynamics in therapists' ability to engage in collaborative formulation.
Conclusion
Facilitators to a collaborative formulation include the following: simple formulations, thorough assessment and preparation for formulation, ‘doing with’ activities such as timelines and diagrams and working environments that include supportive colleagues and time for reflection and training.
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