Goal attainment scaling is a mathematical technique for quantifying the achievement (or otherwise) of goals set, and it can be used in rehabilitation. Because several different approaches are ...described in the literature, this article presents a simple practical approach to encourage uniformity in its application. It outlines the process of setting goals appropriately, so that the achievement of each goal can be measured on a 5-point scale ranging from -2 to +2, and then explains a method for quantifying the outcome in a single aggregated goal attainment score. This method gives a numerical T-score which is normally distributed about a mean of 50 (if the goals are achieved precisely) with a standard deviation of around this mean of 10 (if the goals are overachieved or underachieved). If desired, the approach encompasses weighting of goals to reflect the opinion of the patient on the personal importance of the goal and the opinion of the therapist or team on the difficulty of achieving the goal. Some practical tips are offered, as well as a simple spreadsheet (in Microsoft Excel) allowing easy calculation of the T-scores.
There has been a rapid growth in human motivation research in the last two decades, with a special emphasis on achievement-oriented studies. Recent research in the motivation area has focused on ...achievement goal orientations, as there has been an increase in achievement goal research in social, psychological and specifically educational studies. In the context of Iranian’s educational system, every year many students enter universities based on academic achievement during their high school period. Among them some find the way to enter Medical Universities with different motivation factors. Learners’ motivation to succeed as university students varies and motivation is crucial to their performance. Taking into account the competitive nature of medical education and the responsibilities upon medical students and their critical role in patient care, it is significant to know the types of achievement goals namely “mastery-oriented goals” and “performance-oriented goals” that medical students develop in their educational career. In addition, medical teachers’ perspective regarding these goals and what approach is adopted by them if of utmost importance in terms of learning. By the same token, as the practice of medicine is dynamic and lifelong learning is essential, mastery-oriented learning can ensure that graduates are more qualified for their future tasks as medical doctors.
The role of perceived school goal structures and parent goals in predicting adolescents' goal orientations and their behavioral and emotional engagement in the classroom was examined in the present ...study. Surveys were given to a sample of 271 seventh- and ninth-grade students. Path analyses showed that (a) perceived school mastery goal structures and parent mastery goals predicted student mastery goal orientation, perceived school and parent performance goals predicted student performance-avoidance goal orientation, whereas performance-approach orientation was only predicted by perceived parent performance goals; (b) perceived school and parent mastery goals predicted behavioral but not emotional engagement directly as well as indirectly through the mediation of student mastery goal orientation; (c) behavioral and emotional engagement were predicted by student mastery goal orientation. Results are discussed in relation to current theory and their implications for promoting adaptive patterns of learning in the school and the family context.
A person-centered approach integrated achievement goal and expectancy-value perspectives and identified patterns of mastery and performance-achievement goals (developing vs. demonstrating ...competence), task values (beliefs about interest, utility, importance, or opportunity costs), and competence beliefs. Cluster analysis classified 1,870 students (primarily Vietnamese and Latino) taught by 40 teachers in 148 math classrooms in 7 urban middle schools. Seven patterns were identified. In one adaptive pattern, students reported moderate interest in math and a sole focus on mastery goals of developing competence, supporting a traditional perspective on how goals operate. In another, students focused on both developing and demonstrating competence, supporting a multiple goals perspective. Achievement and affect did not differ significantly between these 2 groups, though both fared better than a 3rd cluster focused also on avoiding the demonstration of incompetence. Across all clusters, cost value differentiated more- and less-adaptive patterns of motivation. Integrating goal and value constructs improved prediction of affect and achievement and indicated that linear models may mask complex interactions. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Deficits in executive function are common in methamphetamine use disorder (MUD), likely contributing to difficulties in sustained treatment success. Cognitive remediation interventions are designed ...to treat such deficits but have not been adapted to the needs of people with MUD. This study presents a proof-of-concept trial to evaluate a new cognitive remediation program for MUD, Goal Management Training+ (GMT+).
This was a cluster-randomised crossover trial comparing GMT+ with a psychoeducation-based control (Brain Health Workshop; BHW). GMT+ is a therapist-administered group-based cognitive remediation for executive dysfunction comprising four 90-minute weekly sessions and daily journal activities. BHW is a lifestyle psychoeducation program matched to GMT+ for therapist involvement, format, and duration. Participants (n = 36; GMT n = 17; BHW n = 19) were recruited from therapeutic communities in Victoria, Australia. Primary outcomes included intervention acceptability, feasibility, and improvements in self-reported executive function. Secondary outcomes included cognitive tests of executive function, severity of methamphetamine dependence, craving, and quality of life. We performed mixed linear modelling and calculated Hedges’ g effect sizes.
GMT+ participant ratings and program retention indicated high acceptability. There was no difference between GMT+ and BHW on self-reported executive function (g = 0.06). Cognitive tasks suggested benefits of GMT+ on information gathering (g = 0.88) and delay-discounting (g = 0.80). Severity of methamphetamine dependence decreased more in GMT+ (g = 1.47).
GMT+ was well-accepted but did not improve self-reported executive functioning. Secondary outcomes suggested GMT+ was beneficial for objective cognitive performance and severity of dependence.
•Execute dysfunction is a key feature of methamphetamine use disorder.•We trialled a new cognitive remediation program, Goal Management Training+.•Acceptability for the intervention was high, though attendance could be improved.•Participants showed a significant large improvement in severity of dependence.•Effect sizes indicated improvements in impulsive-related executive functioning.
Purpose. The purpose of this research is to describe current practices in goal-setting within a subacute rehabilitation setting from the perspective of therapists representing the disciplines of ...occupational therapy, speech pathology and physiotherapy.
Method. Qualitative semi-structured email interviews were conducted with therapists from the Geriatric Assessment and Rehabilitation Unit of an Australian hospital. Therapists were required to respond to questioning with reference to identified rehabilitation patients with stroke.
Results. Three approaches to goal-setting were identified: therapist controlled, therapist led and patient centred. Goals aimed at the ICF levels of impairment and activity limitations were predominant. Barriers to a patient centered goal-setting approach largely outweighed facilitators. Potential successful resolutions were offered to overcome these barriers.
Conclusions. The inability of patients to participate fully in the goal-setting process largely determines the approach taken by therapists. This influences the level of patient centeredness incorporated into the goal-setting process. Goals expressed at the level of impairment, by therapists, may be stepping stones to perceived patient goals at the levels of activity and participation. Barriers to a patient centered approach can be overcome through education of the patient and family regarding the nature of the injury and modification of communication between therapist and patient.
Abstract Managing multi-item economic order quantity (MIEOQ) problems within an uncertain business environment is a critical challenge. Decision-makers, with a comprehensive understanding of ...organizational goals and risk tolerances, play a pivotal role in this context. However, existing solutions often inadequately consider decision-maker preferences in MIEOQ problem-solving. The literature suggests that integrating the concept of satisfaction function with stochastic goal programming (SGP) can address this issue. However, the existing SGP approaches struggle with the challenge of effective goal setting. Additionally, employing distinct satisfaction functions for each uncertain goal can complicate threshold setting, diminishing their effectiveness. To tackle these challenges, we introduce a straightforward, yet effective approach called aspiration-free goal programming (AFGP) and integrate it with a unified satisfaction function. AFGP operates by minimizing expected values of deviation variables, eliminating the challenging task of goal setting under uncertainty. A unified satisfaction function is a singular metric applied uniformly across multiple goals, offering a consistent framework for evaluating performance across diverse objectives. This integration forms a preference-sensitive framework that not only captures nuanced trade-offs between conflicting objectives but also enhances decision quality and stakeholder satisfaction. By emphasizing the importance of decision-maker’s preferences and addressing identified issues, our research introduces a practical and effective approach for achieving balanced solutions in uncertain MIEOQ environments.
Why do some people routinely respond to emotional difficulty in ways that foster resilience, while others habitually engage in responses associated with deleterious consequences over time? This study ...examined relations between emotion controllability beliefs and goals for emotion regulation (ER) with peoples’ multivariate profile of cognitive ER strategy use. Cluster analysis classified 481 university students (81% female) as adaptive, maladaptive, or low regulators based on their multivariate profile of engagement in five adaptive and four maladaptive cognitive ER strategies. A discriminant function analysis predicting the multivariate profiles supported that lower emotion controllability beliefs and lower performance-avoidance goals for ER significantly distinguished maladaptive regulators from adaptive regulators. Moreover, lower learning, performance-avoidance, and performance-approach goals for ER significantly distinguished low regulators from maladaptive and low regulators. Taken together, findings support that emotion-related beliefs and goals may help to clarify why some people habitually engage in more adaptive patterns of cognitive ER in response to negative life events than others.
Internet of Things (IoT) systems are complex systems that can manage mission-critical, costly operations or the collection, storage, and processing of sensitive data. Therefore, security represents a ...primary concern that should be considered when engineering IoT systems. Additionally, several challenges need to be addressed, including the following ones. IoT systems’ environments are dynamic and uncertain. For instance, IoT devices can be mobile or might run out of batteries, so they can become suddenly unavailable. To cope with such environments, IoT systems can be engineered as goal-driven and self-adaptive systems. A goal-driven IoT system is composed of a dynamic set of IoT devices and services that temporarily connect and cooperate to achieve a specific goal. Several approaches have been proposed to engineer goal-driven and self-adaptive IoT systems. However, none of the existing approaches enable goal-driven IoT systems to automatically detect security threats and autonomously adapt to mitigate them. Toward bridging these gaps, this paper proposes a distributed architectural Approach for engineering goal-driven IoT Systems that can autonomously SElf-adapt to secuRity Threats in their environments (ASSERT). ASSERT exploits techniques and adopts notions, such as agents, federated learning, feedback loops, and blockchain, for maintaining the systems’ security and enhancing the trustworthiness of the adaptations they perform. The results of the experiments that we conducted to validate the approach’s feasibility show that it performs and scales well when detecting security threats, performing autonomous security adaptations to mitigate the threats and enabling systems’ constituents to learn about security threats in their environments collaboratively.
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