While there have been many articles written on the advantages and techniques of goal setting, there has been far less written to guide practicing managers on how to put this powerful motivational ...tool to work. This article offers a three-step process that begins by identifying the combination of performance, learning, and behavioral goals to best match the unique knowledge, skills, and abilities of the employee to the task requirements of the job. Once this best-goal combination has been determined, the manager's letter, a managerial tool developed by Peter Drucker, is presented as a well-accepted process for implementing a goal-setting strategy that emphasizes employee participation. The third step in the implementation of a goal-setting strategy is to introduce subconscious primes that can reinforce the value of setting performance, learning, and behavioral goals.
Information technology (IT) programs are collections of projects structured to meet goals established by top management regarding the use of technology. Prior research has established the importance ...of commitment to the organizational goals set by top management and a shared understanding of the goals among the project teams. However, conflicts occur among project teams due to pursuit of their own goals, their unique approaches to completion of required tasks, and their individual need for limited resources. These conflicts need to be resolved in a fashion that leads to the pursuit of program goals, not the independent goals lodged in individual projects. We develop a model of an IT program environment to study the effects of goal interdependence among projects and shared understanding of organizational goals on promoting integrative conflict management (ICM). ICM techniques yield agreement on decisions in the face of conflicting ideas. In turn, ICM promotes arrival at an agreement about implementation means and commitment to the IT program goals, which are better achieved as a result. The model presents a new perspective for research on conflict that considers the specific resolution process to be a key component in the attainment of goals. Practitioners should instill integrative conflict resolution techniques into program and project processes as a fundamental means of achieving goals critical to the organization.
Cel pracy
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja wyników badań dotyczących miejsca i roli celów zarządczych stosowanych od 2016 roku w procesach zarządzania spółkami komunalnymi w Polsce. Istotną uwagę ...autorzy poświęcili celom ekonomicznym i społecznym, w szczególności analizie znaczenia tych celów w spółkach.
Materiał i metody
Podstawową metodą badawczą była analiza dokumentów – treści uchwał podmiotów uprawnionych do wykonywania prawa udziałowych. Łącznie zbadano treści uchwał podejmowanych w każdym roku w 124 spółkach w latach 2017-2023.
Wyniki
Wyniki wskazują na dominację celów ekonomicznych i malejący udział celów społecznych wśród celów zarządczych.
Wnioski
Wnioski nie są pozytywne, biorąc pod uwagę to, że spółki te działają w obszarze użyteczności publicznej. Przyczyny tego zjawiska częściowo wynikają z niezbyt fortunnych zapisów ustawy i wieloletnich przyzwyczajeń, w rzeczywistości mają bardziej złożony i wieloaspektowy charakter. Szczególnie niepokojące jest to, że zysk stosowany wcześniej głównie jako miernik ekonomiczny, stał się w świetle przepisów prawa i praktyki gospodarczej – celem działalności, co może przekładać się bezpośrednio na ceny usług spółek komunalnych dla mieszkańców i lokalnych przedsiębiorców. Z kolei malejący udział celów społecznych może m.in. zmniejszać zaangażowanie pracowników oraz ich sprawną i skuteczną współpracę opartą na zaufaniu.
Objectives
The aim of the article is to present the results of research on the place and role of management goals used since 2016 in the management processes of municipal companies in Poland. The authors devoted significant attention to economic and social goals, in particular to the analysis of the importance of these goals in companies.
Material and methods
The basic research method was the analysis of documents - the content of resolutions of entities authorized to exercise shareholding rights. In total, the content of resolutions adopted each year in 124 companies in 2017-2023 was examined.
Results
The results indicate the dominance of economic goals and the decreasing share of social goals among management goals.
Conclusions
The conclusions are not positive, considering that these companies operate in the public utility sector. The reasons for this phenomenon are partly due to the unfortunate provisions of the act and long-standing habits; in fact, they are more complex and multi-faceted. What is particularly disturbing is that profit, previously used mainly as an economic measure, has become, in the light of legal regulations and economic practice, the purpose of business, which may translate directly into the prices of municipal companies' services for residents and local entrepreneurs. In turn, the decreasing share of social goals may include, among others: reduce employee involvement and their efficient and effective cooperation based on trust.
This study examined the role of perceived classroom goal structures and parent's goals in predicting students' achievement goals, engagement and achievement. Mastery goals were predicted by both ...classroom and parents' mastery goals. Both performance-approach goals and performance-avoidance goals were predicted by both classroom and parents' performance goals. Mastery goals had positive impacts on academic engagement and achievement, but performance-avoidance goals had negative impacts. The impacts of performance-approach goals were not significant. Classroom and parents' mastery goals had indirect positive effects on academic engagement and achievement through mastery goals. Parents' performance goals had indirect negative effects through performance-avoidance goals.
Background
Socio‐economic status is one of the most important factors shaping students' motivation and achievement but has seldom been explored in relation to achievement goals.
Aims
This study aimed ...to investigate whether mastery‐approach goals explain the link between SES and key learning‐related outcomes (mediation) and whether SES modifies the relationship between mastery‐approach goals and these outcomes (moderation).
Sample
Data came from 595,444 students nested in 21,322 schools across 77 countries.
Methods
Data were analysed using multilevel‐moderated mediation analyses.
Results
We found significant mediation and moderation. In terms of mediation, mastery‐approach goals mediated the association between family SES and learning‐related outcomes. However, a different pattern emerged for school SES, as students in higher SES schools had lower mastery‐approach goals. In terms of moderation, we found that family SES strengthened the association between mastery‐approach goals and learning‐related outcomes. However, the association between mastery‐approach goals and learning‐related outcomes was weaker in higher SES schools.
Conclusion
Theoretical and practical implications for the achievement goal approach to achievement motivation are discussed.
Work motivation is a topic of crucial importance to the success of organizations and societies and the well-being of individuals. We organize the work motivation literature over the last century ...using a meta-framework that clusters theories, findings, and advances in the field according to their primary focus on (a) motives, traits, and motivation orientations (content); (b) features of the job, work role, and broader environment (context); or (c) the mechanisms and processes involved in choice and striving (process). Our integrative review reveals major achievements in the field, including more precise mapping of the psychological inputs and operations involved in motivation and broadened conceptions of the work environment. Cross-cutting trends over the last century include the primacy of goals, the importance of goal striving processes, and a more nuanced conceptualization of work motivation as a dynamic, goal-directed, resource allocation process that unfolds over the related variables of time, experience, and place. Across the field, advances in methodology and measurement have improved the match between theory and research. Ten promising directions for future research are described and field experiments are suggested as a useful means of bridging the research-practice gap.
Goal-concordant care is an important indicator of high-quality care in serious illness.
To estimate the prevalence of patient-reported receipt of goal-concordant care among seriously ill outpatients ...and identify factors associated with the absence of patient-reported goal concordance.
Analysis of enrollment surveys from a multicenter cluster-randomized trial of outpatients with serious illness. Patients reported their prioritized health care goal and the focus of their current medical care; these items were matched to define receipt of goal-concordant care.
Of 405 patients with a prioritized health care goal, 58% reported receipt of goal-concordant care, 17% goal-discordant care, and 25% were uncertain of the focus of their care. Patient-reported receipt of goal concordance differed by patient goal. For patients who prioritized extending life, 86% reported goal-concordant care, 2% goal-discordant care, and 12% were uncertain of the focus of their care. For patients who prioritized relief of pain and discomfort, 51% reported goal-concordant care, 21% goal-discordant care, and 28% were uncertain of the focus of their care. Patients who prioritized a goal of relief of pain and discomfort were more likely to report goal-discordant care than patients who prioritized a goal of extending life (relative risk ratio 22.20; 95% CI 4.59, 107.38).
Seriously ill outpatients who prioritize a goal of relief of pain and discomfort are less likely to report receipt of goal-concordant care than patients who prioritize extending life. Future interventions designed to improve receipt of goal-concordant care should focus on identifying patients who prioritize relief of pain and discomfort and promoting care aligned with that goal.
Sociocognitive research has demonstrated that power affects how people feel, think, and act. In this article, I review literature from social psychology, neuroscience, management, and animal research ...and propose an integrated framework of power as an intensifier of goal-related approach motivation. A growing literature shows that power energizes thought, speech, and action and orients individuals toward salient goals linked to power roles, predispositions, tasks, and opportunities. Power magnifies self-expression linked to active parts of the self (the active self), enhancing confidence, self-regulation, and prioritization of efforts toward advancing focal goals. The effects of power on cognitive processes, goal preferences, performance, and corruption are discussed, and its potentially detrimental effects on social attention, perspective taking, and objectification of subordinates are examined. Several inconsistencies in the literature are explained by viewing power holders as more flexible and dynamic than is usually assumed.
The focus of higher education institutions is the preparation of future professionals. To achieve this aim, innovative teaching methods are often deployed, including games and simulations, which form ...the subject of this paper. As the field of digital games and simulations is ever maturing, this paper attempts to systematically review the literature relevant to games and simulation pedagogy in higher education. Two researchers collaborate to apply a qualitative method, coding and synthesizing the results using multiple criteria. The main objective is to study the impact of games and simulations with regard to achieving specific learning objectives. On balance, results indicate that games and/or simulations have a positive impact on learning goals. The researchers identify three learning outcomes when integrating games into the learning process: cognitive, behavioural, and affective. As a final step, the authors consolidate evidence for the benefit of academics and practitioners in higher education interested in the efficient use of games and simulations for pedagogical purposes. Such evidence also provides potential options and pathways for future research.
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