Denne artikels tilgang til etik indeholder bud på forskningsmetodologi og social praksis etik, der bevæger sig “on the edge” (Wyatt & Davies, 2011:124), og udfordrer den mere udbredte ...institutionaliserede etik (Badiou, 2002). Institutionaliseret etik har typisk form af universelle standarder, som vi for eksempel kender fra universiteternes etiske komiteer, fra datatilsynet og erklæringer om alle børns ret til uddannelse (jf. Salamanca-erklæringen). Der- med skriver vi i en forlængelse af en diskussion af etik, som kan findes indenfor internationale progressive og grænseoverskridende kvalita- tive metodologier som for eksempel deltager- orienteret forskning med undertrykte grupper eller “andre”1, der deltager fra “andetgjorte” eller marginale positioner i samfundet. Artiklen giver et socialpraksisteoretisk bud på, hvordan man kan forstå etik, herunder hvordan vi kan arbejde med at overskride etiske dilem- maer, når man som mødre til ‘børn i vanske- ligheder’ bedriver kollektivt biografi-arbejde med udgangspunkt i egne erindringer og egne livserfaringer. Genstandsfeltet er de adfærds- baserede diagnosers betydning: hvad gør de ved “os”. Os skal her forstås bredt som både de professionelle, som familierne samarbejder med, forældrene, familierne og børnene som del af en samfundsmæssig historisk foranderlig diagnose-praksis.
1 Begreber om “de andre” og “andetgørelse” henfører til magt-relationer, diskursive normer og kategorier, der opfattes som universelle (Davies, 2011, Khawaja & Mørck, 2009).
This article’s approach to ethics provides ex- amples on research methodology and social practice ethic that moves “on the edge” (Wyatt & Davies, 2011: 1), and challenge the more widespread institutionalized ethics (Badiou, 2002). Institutionalized ethics typically have the form of universal standards, as we know from the university ethics committees, from the DPA, and statements of all children’s right to education (see Salamanca Statement). Thus we write in a continuation of a discussion of ethics, which can be found within the international
progressive qualitative methodologies such as participatory research with oppressed groups, or “the others” participating from marginal positions in society. The article provides social practice theoretical ideas of how to understand ethics, this include how we can work to tran- scend ethical dilemmas when we as mothers to “children in difficulties” conduct collective biography-work using our own memories and our own life experiences. The subject field is the behavioral-based diagnostic significance: What do they do to “us”? The “us” should be understood broadly as both the professionals who work with ‘the children in difficulties’, the families, including parents and children as part of a socio-historical changing practice of diagnostics standards.
We studied flowering phenology at the level of individual branches within strangler fig trees to determine (1) whether branches bloomed asynchronously within trees and (2) whether asynchrony, if ...observed, could be ascribed to genetically different branches of mosaic trees (i.e., trees formed by spontaneous grafting of genetically different individuals) undergoing individual flowering cycles that were out of phase with each other. Although asynchrony was fairly common, it most often reflected individual branches failing to bloom during one flowering episode, then coming back to bloom in synchrony at the next episode. We detected fewer mosaic trees than expected, and found only a very weak suggestion that mosaic trees may show less within-tree synchrony than simple trees.
In Anurans, the specific mate recognition system (SMRS), which contributes to prezygotic isolation, is mainly based on morphological and call features. This is why such criteria are used by ...zoologists for taxonomic identification. In hybridogenetic water frogs (
Rana ridibunda,
R. lessonae,
R. perezi,
R. kl. grafi and
R. kl. esculenta), hybridization opens up the question of the efficiency of these criteria for taxon identification and of the specific recognition system in this context. Variation in both morphological and call features revealed both significant mean differences among taxa but also large overlapping among individuals belonging to different taxa. Thus, using call or morphometrical features in order to identify water frogs may be hazardous. Moreover, species differ poorly in their specific mate recognition system, facilitating hybridization events, and therefore suggesting that postzygotic mechanisms may be prevalent over prezygotic mechanisms.
Chez les Anoures, le système de reconnaissance spécifique (
specific mate recognition system; SMRS), qui contribue à l’isolement prézygotique, repose largement sur des critères morphologiques et des caractéristiques du chant. C’est pourquoi ces critères sont utilisés pour l’identification taxonomique. Dans les complexes hybridogénétiques de grenouilles vertes (
Rana ridibunda, R. lessonae, R. perezi, R. kl. grafi, et
R. kl. esculenta), l’hybridation pose la question de la validité de ces critères taxinomiques et interroge sur le SMRS. L’analyse de la morphologie et de la structure du chant de ces grenouilles montre que, en moyenne, les différences entre taxons sont significatives mais que les nuages de points se chevauchent. L’utilisation à des fins d’identification taxinomique des critères morphométriques et de chant est donc hasardeuse. Par ailleurs, comme les espèces diffèrent peu dans leur SMRS, des hybridations sont possibles. Cela suggère que les mécanismes d’isolation postzygotiques peuvent prévaloir sur les mécanismes prézygotiques.
Yazılım sistemleri genellikle sistemin işlevsel sorumluluğunun optimal bir şekilde altsistemler, modüller, paketler, sınıflar, metodlar, ve fonksiyonlar gibi çok sayıda işlevsel yazılım elemanına ...ayrıştırıldığı, modüler ve hiyerarşik bir biçimde tasarlanırlar. Bu elemanlar birbirleriyle çeşitli ilişki türleri ile bağlıdırlar ve bunların etkileşimleri doğal olarak bir graf veya ağ yapısı oluşturur. Bu çalışmada, etkileşim halindeki en temel eleman türü olarak birbirini çağıran fonksiyonları dikkate alarak, çeşitli açık-kaynak yazılım sistemlerinin statik fonksiyon-çağırma graflarını oluşturduk. Ardından, karmaşık ağ analizi teknikleri kullanarak, çağırma graflarını hem görsel hem de topolojik olarak analiz ettik. Daha önceki çalışmaların bulgularına benzer olarak, grafların ölçekten-bağımsız ve küçük-dünya ağı özellikleri sergilediklerini gördük. Ek olarak, çeşitli merkezîlik ölçütleri kullanarak, her bir çağırma grafındaki en merkezi ve önemli fonksiyonları tespit ettik. Ayrıca, topluluk analizi gerçekleştirdik ve çağırma graflarının topluluk oluşturma eğilimi gösterdiğini bulduk. Son olarak, yazılım sistemlerinin statik fonksiyon-çağırma graflarının karmaşık ağ analizi yoluyla analizinin, sistemlerle ilgili yararlı bilgiler sağlama potansiyeli olduğunu gösterdik.
Software systems are usually designed in a modular and hierarchical fashion, where functional responsibility of a system is decomposed into multiple functional software elements optimally such as ...subsystems, modules, packages, classes, methods, and functions. These elements are coupled with each other with some kind of dependency relationships to some degree, and their interactions naturally form a graph or network structure. In this study, we generated the static function-call graphs of several open-source software systems, where functions were the most basic type of interacting elements calling each other. Then, we analyzed the call graphs both visually and topologically using the techniques of complex network analysis. We found the call graphs to reveal scale-free and small-world network properties similar to the findings of the previous studies. In addition, we identified the most central and important functions in each call-graph using several centrality measures. We also performed community analysis and found that the call graphs exhibited a tendency to form communities. Finally, we showed that analysis of static function-call graphs of software systems through complex network analysis has the potential to reveal useful information about them.
Mit der kontaktlosen induktiven Strömungstomografie (CIFT) lassen sich Geschwindigkeitsfelder in elektrisch leitfähigen Flüssigkeiten global bestimmen. Kenntnisse über den Strömungszustand in ...Metallschmelzen sind für industrielle Prozesse, wie das Stranggießen von Stahl, von immenser Bedeutung und können auch in der Grundlagenforschung nutzbringend angewendet werden, z.B. zur Analyse von konvektiven Flüssigmetallströmungen als Modellsysteme des Wärmetransportes. Das Verfahren beruht auf der präzisen Messung kleinster Magnetfeldänderungen durch geeignete Sonden und der nachfolgenden Rekonstruktion der Strömungsstruktur durch die Lösung eines linearen inversen Problems. In dieser Veröffentlichung geben wir einen Überblick über die Entwicklungen der letzten Dekade und diskutierten je einen Anwendungsfall für CIFT aus der grundlegenden und der angewandten Fluiddynamik.
No ensino-aprendizagem da Geografia, pelo menos naquele centrado na Europa, os Atlas geográficos escolares ganharam crédito entre os materiais didático-pedagógicos desde o início do século XIX. Um ...primeiro atlas escolar do continente fora o alemão "Kleiner Atlas Scholasticus" de 1710. Fora secundado pelo "Atlas methodicus" de 1719. Outros compareceram concebidos como simplificações dos grandes Atlas gerais de referência. O "Atlas général Vidal-Lablache: histoire et géographie" de 1894 foi um clássico que inspirou derivações. No Brasil, em 1868 se publicava o Atlas do Império do Brazil de Cândido Mendes de Almeida, o primeiro Atlas escolar brasileiro. Fruto de toda evolução da cartografia, atualmente conta-se com uma variada gama de Atlas escolares nos formatos impresso, digital e eletrônico, sejam mundiais, nacionais, regionais, estaduais, metropolitanos, municipais e até locais. A elaboração de um Atlas geográfico para escolares considera como primeiro passo para sua coordenação o entrelaçamento integrado de duas orientações básicas, onde estão presentes o espaço e o tempo:o ensino do mapa, com bases teórico-metodológicas sobre a construção e representação do espaço na criança e a respectiva representação, inicialmente, da sua própria realidade espacial e depois daquela das outras pessoas; o ensino pelo mapa, praticado em geografia para o conhecimento do mundo, desde o próximo vivenciado e conhecido - o lugar - ao distante desconhecido - o espaço mundial -, não de forma linear, mas mediante cotejamentos entre os vários níveis de abordagem. Assim, haverá compreensão de como a realidade local se relaciona com o todo mundial. E o aluno raciocinará sobre determinado contexto, sem tê-lo experimentado antes. Em seguida, ingressa-se nas bases metodológicas da geografia para compor o conteúdo do Atlas. Atrelado a este estaria a definição do recorte espacial. Na sequência, considera-se a Cartografia Temática como uma linguagem da representação gráfica. Assim, os mapas temáticos podem ser construídos por vários métodos, cada um mais apropriado à representação do tema selecionado, seja numa apreciação estática, ou dinâmica. Ainda, a realidade pode ser vislumbrada dentro de um raciocínio de análise ou de síntese. Dento desse panorama, a presente elucubração dará ênfase à participação, junto aos atlas geográficos para escolares, dos mapas elaborados segundo as apreciações, estática e dinâmica, desdobradas nos encaminhamentos do raciocínio, seja no nível analítico, como no de síntese.
Este artículo explora el lugar que los diseñadores gráficos le otorgan a su profesión inicial y académica en la construcción de su identidad. Por medio de entrevistas biográficas, la investigación ...recupera las experiencias de tres diseñadores gráficos con contratos de tiempo completo en la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Desde la perspectiva del interaccionismo simbólico, se analiza cómo los diseñadores se encuentran en una etapa de negociación de la cultura académica de producción de conocimiento. Ésta puede representar un peligro para los diseñadores y para la pluralidad que, se supone, la universidad acoge.
This article explores the place that graphic designers assign to their initial and academic professions in the construction of their identities. Through biographical interviews, the research collects the experiences of three full-time graphic-design professors at the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi. Using symbolic interactionism, the study analyses the stage in which the designers must negotiate an academic culture based on knowledge production. This stage poses risks to the graphic designerś identity and the plurality which the university ostensible embraces.
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