Objective: The purpose of this paper is to identify the etiological and therapeutic peculiarities of the chronic subdural hematoma, from literature data. Methods: We select data from the literature ...and we included in this paper reviews, case reports and clinical studies. 30 articles were selected for the papers topic. Discussions: Understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of chronic subdural hematoma is imperative, for being able to apply optimal treatment and to reduce the recurrence rate. Înțelegerea mecanismelor fiziopatologice ale HSD cronic este imperativă, pentru a putea aplica un tratament optim și pentru a reduce rata de recurență. Tratamentul chirurgical este de elecție în hematomul subdural cronic, tehnica operatorie aleasă fiind selectată în funcție de particularitățile pacientului. Însă, este necesar să se identifice posibilele reacții adverse ale corticoterapiei (infecții, hemoragii digestive, hiperglicemie), pentru ca dezavantajele tratamentului să nu depășească beneficiile.
Spinal hematomas are rarely associated with dengue syndrome and usually occur at the time of active dengue fever. Late presentation after recovery from dengue fever, intradural hematoma, presentation ...as a multiloculated cystic lesion with longitudinal extensive myelitis, and recurrence after surgery are rarely or not described. Due to the peculiar association of all these findings, we report this case to provide insight into the existence of such a rare presentation.
A 79-year-old-male developed sudden-onset paraparesis after 1 week of recovery from dengue fever. The blood counts were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine was suggestive of intradural hematoma. The patient underwent emergency decompression and drainage of hematoma with recovery in the neurologic status over the next few weeks. He presented to our emergency department after 5 weeks of the first surgery with deterioration in the neurologic status to complete paraplegia. Repeat magnetic resonance imaging showed a posterior epidural collection bulging anteriorly, causing cord compression. The patient was reoperated on by decompression. There was no neurologic recovery. The patient was managed with multidisciplinary rehabilitation, and he was independent in most of the activities at the time of discharge.
Spinal hematoma should be kept in mind in patients who present with neurologic complications after dengue fever. It can have an atypical radiologic presentation and may present with recurrent hemorrhage after surgery. Attention should also be given to delayed presentation of neurologic complications, which may develop even after weeks of recovery from dengue fever.
In a trial that compared a 2-week course of dexamethasone with placebo in patients with a chronic subdural hematoma, a favorable outcome on the modified Rankin scale at 6 months was more common in ...the placebo group than in the dexamethasone group, but repeat surgery to evacuate a hematoma was performed more frequently in the placebo group.
The Brain Trauma Foundation has published guidelines on the surgical management of traumatic subdural hematoma (SDH). However, no data exist on the proportion of patients with SDH that can be ...selected for conservative management and what is the outcome of these patients. The goals of this study were as follows: 1) to establish what proportion of patients are initially treated conservatively; 2) to determine what proportion of patients will deteriorate and require surgical evacuation; and 3) to identify risk factors associated with deterioration and delayed surgery.
All cases of acute traumatic SDH (869 when inclusion criteria were met) presenting over a 4-year period were reviewed. For all conservatively treated SDH, the proportion of delayed surgical intervention and the Glasgow Outcome Scale score were taken as outcome measures. Multiple factors were compared between patients who required delayed surgery and patients without surgery.
Of the 869 patients with acute traumatic SDH, 646 (74.3%) were initially treated conservatively. A good outcome was achieved in 76.7% of the patients. Only 6.5% eventually required delayed surgery, and the median delay for surgery was 9.5 days. Factors associated with deterioration were as follows: 1) thicker SDH (p<0.001); 2) greater midline shift (p<0.001); 3) location at the convexity (p=0.001); 4) alcohol abuse (p=0.0260); and 5) history of falls (p=0.018). There was no significant difference in regard to age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale score, Injury Severity Score, abnormal coagulation, use of blood thinners, and presence of cerebral atrophy or white matter disease.
The majority of patients with SDH are treated conservatively. Of those, only 6.5% later required surgery, for raised intracranial pressure or SDH progression. Patients at risk can be identified and followed more carefully.
Spinal subdural hematoma (SSDH), which can cause lower back pain, leg pain, and leg weakness, is rare and will usually be associated with a bleeding tendency, trauma, spinal vascular malformation, ...intraspinal tumor, or iatrogenic invasion. Only a few cases of SSDH after intracranial chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) have been reported. We report a case of lumbar SSDH in the absence of predisposing factors after reoperation for recurrent intracranial CSDH, which improved with conservative treatment.
Approximately 1 month after falling, a 63-year-old woman was experiencing left hemiparesis and impaired orientation that was diagnosed as right intracranial CSDH using computed tomography. Surgical treatment of the CSDH led to immediate improvement of her symptoms. On postoperative day 29, the right CSDH had recurred with left hemiparesis, and successful reoperation relieved the symptoms within a few hours postoperatively. However, 1 day after the second operation, very small acute subdural hematomas in regions along the left tentorium cerebelli and left falx cerebri were found on computed tomography. On day 31, she complained of sitting-induced bilateral radiating lower limb pain. Magnetic resonance imaging on day 34 showed an acute SSDH at the L4-L5 level and a sacral perineural cyst filled with hematoma, although her radiating pain was showing improvement. She was treated conservatively and was discharged without symptoms on day 44.
Although SSDH is rare, it is important for neurosurgeons and physicians to consider the possibility of a SSDH when lower limb pain or paresis occurs after procedures that will result in rapid intracranial pressure alterations such as drainage of an intracranial CSDH.
To identify radiological predictors of contralateral extradural haematoma (CEDH) in patients undergoing evacuation of acute subdural haematoma (ASDH).
Retrospective case-control study.
Patients ...requiring evacuation of traumatic ASDH via craniotomy/craniectomy with contralateral skull fracture were analysed in two groups: those who developed CEDH postoperatively and those who did not.
Retrospective analysis of severe traumatic brain injury admissions over 24 months (2017-2019) at a major trauma centre. Pre- and post-operative CT scans were reviewed by a Consultant Neuroradiologist for initial fracture haematoma (FH) and specific contralateral skull fracture features (CLFF) comprising: complex petrous fracture, suture diastasis and fractures involving foramen spinosum or middle meningeal groove (MMG).
35 patients had ASDH evacuation (age: 11-74); 7 with craniotomy, 28 with craniectomy. 9/35 developed CEDH of whom 7 underwent bilateral craniotomy/craniectomy. 8/9 with CEDH had FH, 6/26 of those without CEDH had FH. All patients with CEDH had CLFF. 6/9 had >1 CLFF. CLFF was identified in 9/26 patients without CEDH and only 3/26 non-CEDH had >1 CLFF. Analysis using univariate logistic regression identified statistically significant factors for the development of CEDH which were: younger age, FH on initial CT, increasing number of CLFF and MMG involvement alone. After multivariate analysis, only younger age and FH were significant.
FH and CLFF on CT enable prediction of CEDH in patients undergoing evacuation of traumatic ASDH. These features raise a high index of suspicion for this complication and may expedite investigation and management for CEDH.
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