RESUMO O programa de melhoramento de Capsicum da Embrapa Hortaliças tem contribuído significativamente no desenvolvimento e disponibilização de cultivares de pimentas com diferentes níveis de ...pungência no mercado brasileiro, tendo como foco principal a resistência a doenças e frutos com qualidades industrial e nutricional superiores. As cultivares de pimenta habanero BRS Araçari e BRS Biguatinga foram desenvolvidas pela Embrapa Hortaliças visando tanto o mercado de frutos frescos como a indústria processadora de pastas e molhos. ‘BRS Araçari’ apresenta frutos de formato retangular, de coloração verde quanto imaturo e amarela quando maduro, com 4,3 cm de comprimento por 4,2 cm de largura e 1,8 mm de espessura de parede. Os frutos têm pungência média de 5.000 SHU (unidade de calor Scoville) e elevado conteúdo de vitamina C (177,4 mg/100 g). Os frutos de ‘BRS Biguatinga’ são de formato campanulado, forma típica das pimentas do grupo habanero, de coloração verde clara quando imaturos e vermelha quando maduros, com 6,6 cm de comprimento por 3,4 cm de largura e 1,9 mm de espessura de parede. A pungência média dos frutos é de cerca de 150.000 SHU, com 149 mg/100 g de vitamina C e 221 µg/g fruto de carotenoides. As duas cultivares são resistentes a doenças importantes que afetam a cultura da pimenteira e apresentam elevadas produtividade, uniformidade e qualidade de frutos, ademais, ambas as cultivares têm sido cultivadas com sucesso em sistemas de produção convencional e orgânico no Brasil. ‘BRS Araçari’ e ‘BRS Biguatinga’ foram registradas e protegidas pelo Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, e sementes comerciais da cultivar BRS Araçari estão sendo produzidas e comercializadas pela empresa Isla Sementes. Sementes básicas de ‘BRS Biguatinga’ estão sendo ofertadas ao setor produtivo por meio de Edital Público para interessados na produção e comercialização de sementes comerciais da referida cultivar.
ABSTRACT Embrapa Vegetables´ Capsicum breeding program has contributed significantly with several nonpungent and pungent pepper cultivars and hybrids released to the Brazilian market, focusing mainly on disease resistance and superior industrial and nutritional quality of fruits. The habanero chile pepper cultivars BRS Araçari and BRS Biguatinga were developed by Embrapa´s breeding program to meet both the market for fresh fruit and processing agroindustry of mashes and sauces. ‘BRS Araçari’ pods are rectangle-shaped, turn from dark green to bright yellow when mature, and are 4.3 cm long by 4.2 cm wide and have 1.8 mm in wall thickness. Fruits have a pungency of circa 5,000 SHU (Scoville Heat Unit) and high vitamin C content (177.4 mg/100 g). ‘BRS Biguatinga’ pods are campanulate-shaped, the standard shape of habaneros, turn from light green to red when ripe, 6.6 cm long by 3.4 cm wide and 1.9 mm in wall thickness. Fruit pungency is circa 150,000 SHU and fruits have 149 mg/100 g fruit of vitamin C and 221 µg/g fruit of carotenoids. Both cultivars are resistant to important chile pepper diseases, present high yield, uniformity and fruit quality, and have been successfully cultivated in conventional and organic production systems in Brazil. ‘BRS Araçari’ and ‘BRS Biguatinga’ were registered and protected by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, and seeds of cultivar BRS Araçari are being marketed by Isla Sementes. ‘BRS Biguatinga’ basic seeds are being offered to the production sector through Public Call for Tenders for interest parties in becoming Embrapa’s partners for the production and sale of commercial seeds.
ABSTRACT The utilization of organic fertilizer for a short cycle crop may allow planting, in sequence, another short cycle crop, without the need for new fertilizers, reducing the costs of a new ...fertilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual effect of fertilization applied to broccoli with phosphorus sources in the presence and absence of organic compost, on beet and chicory production in subsequent cultivation. In broccoli cultivation, four sources of phosphorus (thermophosphate, natural phosphate, natural reactive phosphate, and triple superphosphate) (600 kg/ha of P2O5) were evaluated in the presence and absence of organic compost (Visafértil®, 55 t/ha) before planting. After the removal of the cultural remains of broccoli, beet and chicory, seedlings were transplanted in the same plots of the first crop treatments. For each species eight treatments were evaluated, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme. The first factor were the four sources of phosphorus and the second one was the application or not of organic compost before broccoli (hybrid BRO 68) planting. Treatments with organic compost showed greater production of beet and chicory, compared to the absence of compost. Fertilization with organic compost associated to the phosphorus sources provides necessary residual effect to beet and chicory production. The best P source for beet was triple superphosphate, and for chicory, in the absence of organic compost, triple superphosphate was the best source. In the presence of organic compost, the best sources were triple superphosphate and natural phosphate.
RESUMO A utilização de adubo orgânico para uma cultura de ciclo curto pode permitir o plantio, em sequência, de outra cultura de ciclo curto, sem a necessidade de novos adubos, reduzindo os custos de nova adubação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito residual da adubação aplicada ao brócolis com fontes de fósforo na presença e ausência de composto orgânico, na produção de beterraba e chicória em cultivos após a colheita do brócolis. No cultivo de brócolis, quatro fontes de fósforo (termofosfato, fosfato natural, fosfato reativo natural e superfosfato triplo) (600 kg/ha de P2O5) foram avaliadas na presença e ausência de composto orgânico (Visafértil®, 55 t/ha) antes do plantio. Após a retirada dos restos culturais do brócolis, as mudas de beterraba e chicória foram transplantadas nas mesmas parcelas onde foram cultivadas as plantas de brócolis. Para cada espécie foram avaliados oito tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo o primeiro fator as quatro fontes de fósforo e o segundo a aplicação ou não de composto antes do plantio do brócolis (hybrid BRO 68). Os tratamentos com composto orgânico apresentaram maior produção de beterraba e de chicória, comparado à ausência de composto. A adubação com composto orgânico associado às fontes de fósforo proporciona efeito residual necessário à produção de beterraba e chicória. Para a beterraba, a melhor fonte de P foi o superfosfato triplo, e para a chicória, na ausência de composto orgânico, o superfosfato triplo foi a melhor fonte. Na presença de composto orgânico as melhores fontes foram o superfosfato triplo e o fosfato natural.
ABSTRACT Considering the climate uncertainty, an increase in world population and the need to produce food under low water availability, studies showing alternatives for vegetable production, having ...in mind the rational use of water, are extremely necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the type of substrate, sprout thinning and irrigation management strategies on water use efficiency (WUE) and grape tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield in a protected environment. Tomatoes were grown with one, two, three and four stems. Additionally, the impacts of “fixed” and “variable” rates of irrigation on the crop productivity and water consumption of the plants were verified. The used substrates were: 100% local soil; 80% local soil + 20% carbonized rice husk; and commercial substrate Carolina Soil XVI®. Plant spacing was 1x0.7 m. The plants were arranged in a completely randomized experimental design in a protected environment. The 3x4x2 factorial scheme (3 substrates, 4 ways of conducting stems and 2 ways of managing irrigation) resulted in 24 treatments and five replications. Water use efficiency and plant yield were evaluated. No difference in the averages of the production variables in relation to irrigation management strategies was observed. The fixed and variable rate of irrigation did not influence productivity, both in mass and number of fruits. However, when grape tomato was grown with only one stem, the production was reduced, compared to the crop grown using two, three and four stems. WUE was 8.9 g/L when the crop was grown with 1 stem; when growing with 2 stems, an increase in WUE was noticed, 30.8% (11.6 g/L); from 1 to 3 stems an increase of 53.4% (13.7 g/L) was noticed, and from 1 to 4 stems, the authors observed an increase of 55.8% (13.9 g/L). An increase in the number of stems per cultivated plant resulted in greater WUE. The types of substrates influenced the total mass obtained; plants grown in commercial substrate showed an average of 14.9 g/L, whereas when growing in soil and mixture of soil + rice husk no significant variations were observed, 10.3 g/L and 10.1 g/L, respectively.
RESUMO Diante das incertezas climáticas, aumento da população mundial e necessidade de produzir alimentos sob baixa disponibilidade hídrica, estudos que apontem alternativas para cultivo vegetal com racionalização na aplicação de água tornam-se extremamente necessários. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos do tipo de substrato, desbrota e estratégias de manejo de irrigação na eficiência do uso da água (EUA) e rendimento de frutos do tomate “grape” (Solanum lycopersicum L.) em ambiente protegido. Cultivou-se o tomate conduzido com uma, duas, três e quatro hastes. Adicionalmente, verificou-se as implicações do manejo de irrigação com turno de rega “fixo” e “variável” na produtividade e consumo hídrico da cultura. Os substratos utilizados foram: 100% de solo local; 80% de solo local + 20% de casca de arroz carbonizada; e substrato comercial Carolina Soil XVI®. As plantas foram dispostas em espaçamento de 1x0,70 m e distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. O esquema fatorial 3x4x2 (3 substratos, 4 formas de condução de hastes e 2 formas de manejar a irrigação) resultou em 24 tratamentos e cinco repetições. Avaliou-se a EUA e o rendimento das plantas. Os resultados obtidos indicam não haver diferença nas médias das variáveis de produção em função das estratégias de manejo de irrigação. O turno de rega fixo e variável não influenciou nas variáveis de produtividade, tanto em massa como em número de frutos. Já quanto à forma de condução, verificou-se que conduzir o tomate grape com apenas uma haste diminuiu a produção, comparativamente à condução com duas, três e quatro hastes. Ao cultivar-se com 1 haste obteve-se a “EUA” de 8,9g/L; elevando-se para 2 hastes houve um incremento de 30,8% (11,6 g/L) na “EUA”; já de 1 para 3 hastes a elevação é de 53,4% (13,7 g/L) e de 1 para 4 hastes o acréscimo é de 55,8% (13,9 g/L). O aumento no número de ramos por planta cultivada implicou em maior “EUA”. Os tipos de substratos influenciaram a massa total de tomate obtida. As plantas cultivadas em substrato comercial apresentaram média de 14,9 g/L, enquanto o cultivo em solo e mistura de solo + casca de arroz não apresentaram variações significativas, sendo 10,3 g/L e 10,1 g/L, respectivamente.
Environmental pollution, food sufficiency, and health are among the main challenges for sustainable crop production in Mexico. The main tool for plant protection is chemical pesticides, but ...environmental safety and risks to animal and human health have prompted the community and scientists to propose alternatives for their integrated management. This has encouraged the inclusion of biological products, such as species of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma spp., which act against pests and pathogens in different crops, and are environmentally benign, effective and economically viable. The aim of this paper was to compile information on Trichoderma spp. regarding their taxonomy, ecology, use as biological control, isolation, culture, morphological and molecular identification, mode of action, distribution of native species, and availability of international commercial products and those produced in Mexico. For this purpose, information was selected from indexed journals and suppliers of Trichoderma spp. on open data digital platforms. The exposed information could be useful for Mexican farmers, to know, accept and use biological control with Trichodermaspp. in their crops, for the benefit of quality agriculture and pesticide-free crops. In addition, research could be generated to develop new autochthonous products based on Trichodermaspp. that are more effective against pests and diseases native to Mexico.
Solanum demissum Lindl. in potato breeding Díaz-García, Gabriela; Enciso-Maldonado, Guillermo Andrés; Lozoya-Saldaña, Héctor
Revista Chapingo. Serie horticultura,
12/2023, Letnik:
29, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract Solanum demissum Lindl. is one of the most valued and used species for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) breeding due to its richness in genes for resistance to various biotic and abiotic ...factors. Over the years, it has been a plant of interest, mainly for its resistance to potato late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary.), which has led to crosses between S. demissum and S. tuberosum to obtain resistant cultivars. It has also been used for identifying physiological races of P. infestans and, recently, it has been associated with glycoalkaloids and antioxidant compounds, whose potential uses are of interest to various industries. Since there is great potential in the species S. demissum, not only as a source of resistance genes but also as a source of important bioactive compounds, this review summarizes the research conducted on the use of Solanum demissum in the breeding of cultivated potato, as well as its potential uses in other areas. In addition, areas of opportunity and limitations for breeding for resistance to late blight are highlighted to serve as a starting point for the development of new research or lines.
Tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Horm.) is widely grown in Mexico with non-certified seed.Little research has been done on seed drying and physiology. Seed drying is a fundamental process in ...production technology, and the temperature used can affect its quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different drying temperatures on the physical and physiological quality of seeds of four varieties (Tecozautla 04, Diamante, Gema and Manzano Tepetlixpa) in three storage periods. Seeds of each variety were dried in an oven until reaching constant weight at different temperatures: ambient, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 °C; subsequently, they were stored under ambient laboratory conditions for 0, 2 and 4 months. The experimental unit was 5 g of seeds. The study was carried out under a completely randomized experimental design with four replications. Physiological quality was evaluated with standard germination tests, and with the vigor test the germination speed index, total seedling length and seedling dry weight were determined. Seed quality was affected by temperature. When drying from 30 to 35 °C, the seeds expressed their maximum physiological quality, and above 45 °C their quality decreased. Tecozautla 04 had the greatest vigor, whereas Diamante had the least vigor and was the most sensitive to damage during the drying process. After two months of storage, the seeds showed the best physiological quality.
Abstract The consumption of edible flowers has increased the search for new species to improve their nutritional impact. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the phenolic profile and ...nutritional value of the flowers of some Dahlia x hortorum clones (C1Var - variegated, C2Gui - cherry, C3Roj - red, C4Nar - orange, C5Ama - yellow, C6Fuc - fuchsia) and C7Ros - pink). The experiment was conducted at the Department of Plant Science, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Mexico, under a completely randomized experimental design with three replications. Phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic and chlorogenic) and flavonoids (quercetin and hesperidin) were detected. Similar contents of gallic acid (between 1.91 and 3.19 µg·g-1) were found in C7Ros, C1Var, C5Ama and C4Nar, where C1Var also stood out for the presence of quercetin (81.46 µg·g-1). The highest incidence of caffeic acid and hesperidin was found in C2Gui and C6Fuc. In general, C1Var showed a high percentage of crude fiber, crude fat and protein, although the last one was similar to C7Ros and C5Ama (13.68 and 13.72 µg·g-1, respectively). Likewise, C2Gui, C4Nar and C3Roj showed variation with respect to total carbohydrates (64.09, 61.64 and 62.37 %, respectively). According to the results, dahlia ligulate flowers have a significant content of phenolic acids, flavonoids, fiber and protein, as well as a variable caloric level, so they can be considered as a functional food and be integrated into daily intake.
The objective was to propagate select Physalis ixocarpa plants in vitro, acclimatize them and describe their phenological cycle. The in vitro response of stem apices was evaluated in families from ...the Tecozautla 04, Manzano Tepetlixpa and Morado San Miguel varieties. The apices were cultured in a medium containing Murashige and Skoog inorganic salts (100 %), supplemented with 0.4 mg·L-1 thiamine, 60 mg·L-1 L-cysteine, 100 mg·L-1 myo-inositol, 0.5 mg·L-1 nicotinic acid, 0.5 mg·L-1 pantothenic acid, 3 % sucrose and 7 g·L-1 agar, without growth regulators and the pH adjusted to 5.7 ± 0.1. in vitro rooting was done for 30 days, with 16 h of light at 3,000 μmol∙m-2∙s-1. The variables evaluated in vitro were seedling height, vigor, callus presence, root length, and number of leaves, roots, stems and buds. Plants produced in vitro were acclimatized and transplanted in greenhouses to follow their phenological cycle. The variables evaluated in acclimatization and phenological cycle were plant height and number of leaves, buds, flowers and set fruits. A completely randomized design was used for the in vitro evaluation, and randomized complete blocks for the greenhouse. The families with the best morphogenic responses in vitro were Tecozautla 04 and Manzano, and in phenological development they presented greater plant height. In acclimatization, survival was 100 % in all clones. in vitro responses, acclimatization and phenology depended on the variety and families.
Intensive tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production in coastal areas of Sinaloa is exposed to significant amounts of Cl and Na deposited by sea breezes and irrigation water, which affects the yield ...of this vegetable. The aim of this study was to evaluate three percentage ratios of Cl-/anions (25/100, 50/100 and 75/100) and three percentage ratios of Na+/cations (25/100, 50/100 and 75/100) in the nutrient solution on mineral composition, dry matter production and yield of tomato. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 32 factorial arrangement and four replications. Analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed (Tukey, P ≤ 0.05). Cl and Na concentrations in tomato leaves, stems and fruits increased significantly with increasing ratios of Cl-/anions and Na+/cations in the nutrient solution. The 75/100 Cl-/anions ratio reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the Ca concentration in leaves, while the 75/100 Na+/cations ratio decreased (P ≤ 0.05) K concentrations in leaves and stems. Both ratios reduced aerial dry biomass (48 and 25.8 %, respectively) and tomato yield (50.8 and 45.7 %, respectively). The results indicate that tomato plants grown with the 75/100 percentage ratio of Cl-/anions or the 75/100 percentage ratio of Na+/ cations absorb excessive amounts of Cl or Na, which causes ionic imbalance (especially of K+ and Ca2+) and affects dry matter production and yield.
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