The paper presents the hydraulic calculation of pipelines and selection the pumping units for hydrotransport of drainage water of the Dam 4-1 from the planned well on the dam to the tailing dump.
Sebesel 2 hydropower development is located on the Sebesel river, in the outskirts of Borlova, Caraș - Severin County. The realization of the fish ladder will not influence the flow regime of surface ...or groundwater in the neighboring area. The fish ladder is dimensioned to allow the migration of the ichthyofauna upstream during the spawning period and the partial transit of the alluviums as well as the downstream provision of a servitude flow Q = 0.066 mc / s. The Sebeșel 2 hydroelectric power plant is a hydropower arrangement by shunt without accumulation lake. The plant has 2 (two) power groups equipped with Pelton turbines. The power delivered by MHC Sebesel 2 is 792.31 kW. The installed flow rate is 0.80 m3 / s; gross fall: 120 m; capture rate 573 mdMN. The fish ladders are of the technical ladder type with pools. The objectives of the studies were: to describe the qualitative and quantitative structure of benthic invertebrate and fish macro communities; assessment of the ecological status of the rivers in the areas of hydropower development; highlighting the presence of fish species of conservative interest and assessing the status of their populations. The methodology was carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Water Framework Directive, Annex V used considered the following: Assessment of the status of aquatic communities; description of the structure of fish communities; assessment of the ecological status of the river sectors. The study led to obtaining some essential information for the exploitation and maintenance of the micro-hydroelectric plant as well as the fish ladder.
Introduction Pipeline hydraulic calculation is an important component of the natural gas transmission and distribution system. Applying this theory allows for the analysis of relationships between ...the pipeline diameter, the flow velocity, the pressure drop, and the gas density. It plays a crucial role throughout the entire lifecycle of natural gas pipeline construction and operation. Pipeline hydraulic calculation has an important impact on the design optimization and operation scheduling of pipeline transmission and distribution. This article aims to simulate and analyze the hydraulic calculation of a long-distance natural gas main pipeline in a certain region to provide reference data for practical works such as the construction and operation optimization of the main pipeline in that region.Method In the existing regional pipeline network, the PIPELINE STUDIO software model was used to calculate and simulate the operation status of the main pipeline in the region under different working conditions. The focus was on extreme working conditions, such as "peak demand in summer " and "supply guarantee in winter", aiming to identify potential issues in pipeline operation and analyze the main gas transmission bottlenecks.Result The research has shown that whether the working condition is of "peak demand in summer" or " supply guarantee in winter", the current pipeline system in the region has gas transmission bottlenecks, and it is necessary to optimize and adjust the pipeline operation scheduling, the gas flow direction, and the hydraulic pressure to further maximize the gas transmission capacity of the regional pipeline network.Conclusion By analyzing the gas transmission capacity under different extreme working conditions, it is possible to propose plans in optimized operations, interconnections, and technological improvements, which can eliminate pipeline bottlenecks, ensure the safe and efficient operation of regional pipeline networks, and meet the changing gas consumption requirements of market users.
The Wendelstein 7-X stellarator (W7-X), one of the largest stellarator fusion experiments, is in operation since 2015 at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP) in Greifswald. W7-X has ...reached the final status in 2022 with actively cooled in-vessel components. The superconducting magnet system consist of 50 non-planar and 20 planar coils. The superconducting coils as well as the connections in between are made of the same NbTi cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC) type. Two plasma breakdowns in the past have induced voltages into the non-planar coils, which triggered the quench detection (QD) system and activated the safety system with a fast discharge of the magnet system. Plasma operation creates toroidal and poloidal currents; a plasma breakdown can change the plasma currents within 100 ms. Especially fast poloidal current changes are able to induce voltages into the superconducting coils. Using the adjustment capabilities of the QD system, new parameter sets for threshold values and shunted capacitor settings were deduced. These parameters prolongs the time until the start of the magnet discharge, which increases the hot spot temperature in the CICC in case of a quench. Thermo-hydraulic calculations with the program THEA from Cryosoft were performed to verify that the 130 K limit for the hot spot temperature is kept with the new QD parameter sets. The analysis were performed by the West Pomeranian University of Technology (ZUT) and by the Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences in Poland.
Hydro-desulfurization processes are widely used in oil refineries to increase the quality of gasoline. The sulfur compounds react with hydrogen to produce hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) gas. Hydrogen ...sulfide is absorbed on the absorption tower with an amine solution. In this study, the increase in desulfurization capacity was investigated by simulating the CGH unit of the IKORC (Imam Khomeini Oil Refinery Company). First, this unit was simulated with Aspen Hysys 11 software, which is accurate for refining processes. The simulation validity was obtained when the software output matched the vendor calculations and data. After ensuring the accuracy of the simulation, the maximum amount of amine flow has been obtained. This amount of amine has the maximum absorption of hydrogen sulfide. Any changes in temperature, pressure and the flow of gas and liquid streams can lead the absorption tower to destructive phenomena. The flooding in the absorption tower is the most significant effect of increasing the amine flow. This study purposed finding the maximum amine flow, away from flooding. For gasoline production with Euro 5 standard, maximum desulfurization is desirable, requiring the maximum amines flow in the adsorption tower. Finally, after presenting the results of this study, these changes in the process were implemented in the CGH unit. The execution of the obtained results strengthens the practical aspect of this study and confirms the simulation's accuracy.
Due to such characteristics as complicated structure, frequent operation switching and fierce flow fluctuation ofthe apron pipeline network, it is difficult to conduct hydraulic simulation research. ...In order to better integrate the structuralparticularity of apron pipeline network with the hydraulic calculation theory of pipeline network, programming calculationwas conducted with the pipeline network simplified and divided into 3 parts, and for the circular section at the core, pressurebased Newton iteration method was adopted for calculation. In order to verify the accuracy of the model, the specificworking conditions were selected, the calculation results were compared with the PipePhase simulation results and checked, and the comparison results were within the reasonable error range. The solutions were elaborated in detail for the problemsof adapting the fluid flow direction in the pipe, establishing a reasonable relationship between the information of fuelingorder and the bleed-off discharge, and the pres
•An mathematical model for crude oil pipeline design is developed.•Hydraulic and thermal energy consumption are evaluated in the model.•Two cases are studied to verify the effectiveness of the ...model.•The energy consumption and CO2 emission are estimated and analysed.
The oil and gas industry has paid increasing attention to energy consumption and is taking steps to reduce emissions owing to growing environmental concerns. In this study, a method for designing the optimization of crude oil pipelines is proposed to achieve both construction and energy consumption cost reductions. The method applied in this study is derived from a mathematical programming model with minimal annual construction depreciation cost and energy consumption cost as the objective functions. The model aims to determine the size of the pipeline, as well as the location and operational plan of each station. The hydraulic and thermal calculations, the relationship between viscosity and temperature, and the uncertainty of the flow rate are all included to ensure that the model satisfies all engineering demands. In terms of its application, the constructed model has been applied to two real cases to verify its effectiveness and potential to achieve energy conservation. Moreover, the energy consumption and CO2 emission were estimated and analyzed with varying electricity and fuel prices, as well as varying flow rate. The results demonstrate that the construction plan is not affected by the price of electricity, while fuel prices and flow rates are the main factors influencing both the construction and operational plans.
Introduction The popularity of centralized steam supply has prompted many large coal-fired power plants to carry out a series of heating transformation. How to choose the heating transformation ...technology economically and reasonably is the focus of the industry and enterprises. Method In this paper, a 350 MW extraction-condensing unit in a power plant was used to implement medium-pressure steam heating renovation as an example, and the technical route of the renovation was determined through the comparison and selection of heating renovation technical schemes and hydraulic calculation and analysis. Result The analysis results show that the injection efficiency of the pressure matcher scheme is too low at low load due to the limitations of steam extraction parameters and operating conditions of the unit; The hydraulic calculation results show that under extreme conditions, the steam supply temperature of the unit is low, and the method of reducing heat loss by setting double steam supply header still cannot meet the requirements. Therefore, the method of temperature and pressure reducer and setting mixed steam is used for heating. Conclusion The technical scheme for heating transformation shall be determined after comparing the energy-saving effect, investment size, system complexity, and other factors according to the operating conditions of the unit and the characteristics of various technologies. In case of failure to meet the requirements of steam supply temperature, a double header system can be set. When the flow was low, only one header was used for the steam supply, which can reduce the heat dissipation loss by about 30%. If it still cannot meet the temperature requirements, the high-temperature steam mixing scheme can be adopted to improve the initial temperature of the steam supply to ensure the reliability and safety of the heating.
In order to study the changes of steam state parameters and the interaction between hydraulic calculation and thermal calculation during the long-distance heating of steam, a variety of working ...conditions were simulated by the compressible fluid pipe network analysis software AFT arrow combined with the control variable method. The results show: The steam outlet pressure obtained by traditional calculation methods is lower than the outlet pressure when considering the change of steam state parameters. The density change of steam is related to the flow velocity and pipe diameter of steam. When the maximum flow rate of steam in a long straight pipe is 20 m/s, the temperature drop of steam per kilometer gradually decreases. When the maximum steam flow rate is 40 m/s, 60 m/s, the temperature drop of steam per kilometer decreases first and then increases. This shows, there is still a certain error between the traditional method of calculating steam pressure drop and the actual, especially for small pipe diameters, heating pipes where the flow rate of steam changes greatly during the heating process, heating pipes where the flow rate of steam changes greatly during the heating process.
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