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•In this review, we have described a classification of different families of textile dyes according to.•Chemical structures.•Color Index numbers (C.I.).•Applications in the textile ...industry.
The classification of textile dyes has become essential due to the remarkable increase in the type and number of dyes. The structural classification of these dyes can be determined by the following functional groups: Anthraquinone, azo, phthalocyanine, sulfur, indigo, nitro, nitroso, etc. taking into account their chemical structures. Another classification was based on the method of applying these dyes on an industrial scale. The dyes are grouped together as dispersed, direct, acid, reactive, basic, vat, etc. In this review, the dyes will be studied in three different groups depending on the chemical structures with an overview on the synthesis of some new dyes, color index numbers (C.I.) and application methods. Finally, it would be also interesting to briefly discuss the effects of the textiles dyes on environment.
Measuring Geopolitical Risk Caldara, Dario; Iacoviello, Matteo
The American economic review,
04/2022, Letnik:
112, Številka:
4
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We present a news-based measure of adverse geopolitical events and associated risks. The geopolitical risk (GPR) index spikes around the two world wars, at the beginning of the Korean War, during the ...Cuban Missile Crisis, and after 9/11. Higher geopolitical risk foreshadows lower investment and employment and is associated with higher disaster probability and larger downside risks. The adverse consequences of the GPR index are driven by both the threat and the realization of adverse geopolitical events. We complement our aggregate measures with industry- and firm-level indicators of geopolitical risk. Investment drops more in industries that are exposed to aggregate geopolitical risk. Higher firm-level geopolitical risk is associated with lower firm-level investment. (JEL C43, E32, F51, F52, G31, H56, N40)
Multidimensional indices are becoming increasingly important instruments to assess the wellbeing of societies. They move beyond the focus on a single indicator and yet they are easy to present and ...communicate. A crucial step in the construction of a multidimensional index of wellbeing is the selection of the relative weights for the different dimensions. The aim of this article is to study the role of these weights and to critically survey eight different approaches to set them. We categorize the approaches in three classes: data-driven, normative, and hybrid weighting, and compare their respective advantages and drawbacks.
This paper can be considered as a brief answer to an old research question. Why do researchers need new statistical instruments based on geometric science? In the introduction, one can find some ...detailed significances, questions, premises, and hypotheses of the article’s research redistributed in the logic of the section, as only a reminder can do it. There are no mandatory access conditions equivalent to “Let no one ignorant of geometry enter here” from the portal of Plato’ s Academy during the literature review of index numbers (IN) or the index numbers method (INM). The originality of a geometric area index number (GAIN) and the simple description of a statistical instrument are the main characteristics of the next section, which is dedicated to its methodology and data. Therefore, this original statistical model of a classical index number is placed in a continuous changing of geometric coordinates and surfaces, caused by alternate states of disequilibrium and equilibrium in macroeconomic life or existence. Whenever the statistical index method has been considered a dead or obsolete solution, this false conclusion has been because it was conceived without its innovative history and multidimensional mathematical perspective. The complex structure of the article also required a section dedicated to practical approaches through macroeconomic indices systems. In the context of dynamic imbalances, this aspect limits the selective options of the new concept of a statistical model of a geometric area index to several inscribable but also regular polygons (“n-gons”) at the same time. These polygons take on stellar shapes as soon as they capture real dynamics by ensuring a significant degree of coverage of simultaneous evolutions. In the pragmatic section of results and discussions, the new statistical model of the geometric area index is built essentially not only as a new type of statistical-mathematical approach to complex and associated or correlated aggregative variations but also from the idea of practically replacing concrete variants with their functions. The final remarks underline some instrumental specificities concerning both constructive advantages and disadvantages but especially to the limitations and perspectives, which are closely related to some symmetries and asymmetries characteristic of the investigated phenomena.
In recent times, composite indicators have gained astounding popularity in a wide variety of research areas. Their adoption by global institutions has further captured the attention of the media and ...policymakers around the globe, and their number of applications has surged ever since. This increase in their popularity has solicited a plethora of methodological contributions in response to the substantial criticism surrounding their underlying framework. In this paper, we put composite indicators under the spotlight, examining the wide variety of methodological approaches in existence. In this way, we offer a more recent outlook on the advances made in this field over the past years. Despite the large sequence of steps required in the construction of composite indicators, we focus particularly on two of them, namely weighting and aggregation. We find that these are where the paramount criticism appears and where a promising future lies. Finally, we review the last step of the robustness analysis that follows their construction, to which less attention has been paid despite its importance. Overall, this study aims to provide both academics and practitioners in the field of composite indices with a synopsis of the choices available alongside their recent advances.
Estimating Trade Restrictiveness Indices Looi Kee, Hiau; Nicita, Alessandro; Olarreaga, Marcelo
The Economic journal (London),
2009, 2009-01, 20090101, January 2009, 2009-01-01, Letnik:
119, Številka:
534
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Studies of the impact of trade restrictiveness on growth, poverty or unemployment are frequent in the academic literature. Few authors, however, provide a precise definition of what they mean by ...trade restrictiveness. When they do, the definition is unlikely to have tight links with trade theory. The objective of this article is to fill this gap by providing for 78 developing and developed countries clearly defined indicators of trade restrictiveness that are well grounded in trade theory. Results suggest that poor countries tend to have more restrictive trade policies but they also face higher trade barriers on their exports.
Social Connectedness Bailey, Michael; Cao, Rachel; Kuchler, Theresa ...
The Journal of economic perspectives,
07/2018, Letnik:
32, Številka:
3
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Social networks can shape many aspects of social and economic activity: migration and trade, job-seeking, innovation, consumer preferences and sentiment, public health, social mobility, and more. In ...turn, social networks themselves are associated with geographic proximity, historical ties, political boundaries, and other factors. Traditionally, the unavailability of large-scale and representative data on social connectedness between individuals or geographic regions has posed a challenge for empirical research on social networks. More recently, a body of such research has begun to emerge using data on social connectedness from online social networking services such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter. To date, most of these research projects have been built on anonymized administrative microdata from Facebook, typically by working with coauthor teams that include Facebook employees. However, there is an inherent limit to the number of researchers that will be able to work with social network data through such collaborations. In this paper, we therefore introduce a new measure of social connectedness at the US county level. Our Social Connectedness Index is based on friendship links on Facebook, the global online social networking service. Specifically, the Social Connectedness Index corresponds to the relative frequency of Facebook friendship links between every county-pair in the United States, and between every US county and every foreign country. Given Facebook’s scale as well as the relative representativeness of Facebook’s user body, these data provide the first comprehensive measure of friendship networks at a national level.
Increasing income brings about a decline in the relative importance of food consumption, a wider spread of spending patterns, and a demand for higher-quality goods. Using an index-number approach, ...this article analyzes these three closely-related tendencies. Stripping out the impact of prices from the dispersion of food expenditures gives a volume-based measure of diet diversity that is relevant for nutrition. Using unpublished data from the World Bank's International Comparison Program for 31 items of food in more than 150 countries, we find that diets of rich countries are substantially more diverse than those of the poor; and that volumes are the more appropriate way to measure the inequality of diversity. The quality of the food basket, based on the luxury-necessity distinction of consumption, increases with income, but the elasticity is small. There is a modest tendency for the structure of prices to be regressive since prices of luxuries relative to necessities are lower in richer countries. Additionally, our diversity and quality measures are shown to have implications for demand analysis and well-being.
MEASURING ECONOMIC POLICY UNCERTAINTY BAKER, SCOTT R.; BLOOM, NICHOLAS; DAVIS, STEVEN J.
The Quarterly journal of economics,
11/2016, Letnik:
131, Številka:
4
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We develop a new index of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) based on newspaper coverage frequency. Several types of evidence—including human readings of 12,000 newspaper articles—indicate that our ...index proxies for movements in policy-related economic uncertainty. Our U.S. index spikes near tight presidential elections, Gulf Wars I and II, the 9/11 attacks, the failure of Lehman Brothers, the 2011 debt ceiling dispute, and other major battles over fiscal policy. Using firm-level data, we find that policy uncertainty is associated with greater stock price volatility and reduced investment and employment in policy-sensitive sectors like defense, health care, finance, and infrastructure construction. At the macro level, innovations in policy uncertainty foreshadow declines in investment, output, and employment in the United States and, in a panel vector autoregressive setting, for 12 major economies. Extending our U.S. index back to 1900, EPU rose dramatically in the 1930s (from late 1931) and has drifted upward since the 1960s.
For previously identified weakly separable blockings of goods and assets, we construct aggregates using four superlative index numbers, the Fisher, Sato-Vartia, Törnqvist, and Walsh, two ...non-superlative indexes, the Laspeyres and Paasche, and the atheoretical simple summation. We conduct several tests to examine how well each of these aggregates “fit” the data. These tests are how close the aggregates come to solving the revealed preference conditions for weak separability, how often each aggregate gets the direction of change correct, and how well the aggregates mimic the preference ranking from revealed preference tests. We find that, as the number of goods and assets being aggregated increases, the problems with simple summation manifest.
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