Summary
A growing body of research illustrates consensus between researchers and practitioners that developing rapport facilitates cooperation and disclosure in a range of professional information ...gathering contexts. In such contexts, rapport behaviors are often intentionally used in an attempt to facilitate a positive interaction with another adult, which may or may not result in genuine mutual rapport. To examine how rapport has been manipulated and measured in professional contexts we systematically mapped the relevant evidence‐base in this field. For each of the 35 studies that met our inclusion criteria, behaviors associated with building rapport were coded in relation to whether they were verbal, non‐verbal, or para‐verbal. Methods to measure rapport were also coded and recorded, as were different types of disclosure. A Searchable Systematic Map was produced to catalogue key study characteristics. Discussion focuses on the underlying intention of the rapport behaviors that featured most frequently across studies.
Summary
In none of the deception studies that used drawings to date, was the effect of sketching on both speech content and drawing content examined, making it unclear what the full potential is of ...the use of drawings as a lie detection tool. A total of 122 truth tellers and liars took part in the study who did or did not sketch while narrating their allegedly experienced event. We formulated hypotheses about the total amount of information and number of complications reported and about various features of the drawings. Participants in the Sketch‐present condition provided more information than participants in the Sketch‐absent condition, and truth tellers reported more details than liars, but only in the Sketch‐present condition. In contrast to previous research, no Veracity differences occurred regarding the content of the drawings, perhaps because sketching was introduced as a tool that facilitated verbal recall and not as a stand‐alone tool.
We propose three sampling-based motion planning algorithms for generating informative mobile robot trajectories. The goal is to find a trajectory that maximizes an information quality metric (e.g. ...variance reduction, information gain, or mutual information) and also falls within a pre-specified budget constraint (e.g. fuel, energy, or time). Prior algorithms have employed combinatorial optimization techniques to solve these problems, but existing techniques are typically restricted to discrete domains and often scale poorly in the size of the problem. Our proposed rapidly exploring information gathering (RIG) algorithms combine ideas from sampling-based motion planning with branch and bound techniques to achieve efficient information gathering in continuous space with motion constraints. We provide analysis of the asymptotic optimality of our algorithms, and we present several conservative pruning strategies for modular, submodular, and time-varying information objectives. We demonstrate that our proposed techniques find optimal solutions more quickly than existing combinatorial solvers, and we provide a proof-of-concept field implementation on an autonomous surface vehicle performing a wireless signal strength monitoring task in a lake.
This paper investigates how entrepreneurs’ social media use affects the entrepreneurial reinvestment of the ventures. Drawing on the information-based view of entrepreneurship, we propose that social ...media use has an inverted U-shaped relationship with entrepreneurial investment due to the competing forces of information gathering and information processing associated with social media use. This relationship will be more prominent in ventures that are newly founded or in high-tech industries. Our empirical findings based on a large sample of Chinese private firms confirm the core assertions. This study provides important insights into the complex consequences of social media use for entrepreneurship activities.
•Exploration algorithms can be distinguished in terms of the bias and slope of choice functions.•Two experiments show evidence for both directed and random exploration.•A hybrid algorithm provides ...the best quantitative model of the choice data.
The dilemma between information gathering (exploration) and reward seeking (exploitation) is a fundamental problem for reinforcement learning agents. How humans resolve this dilemma is still an open question, because experiments have provided equivocal evidence about the underlying algorithms used by humans. We show that two families of algorithms can be distinguished in terms of how uncertainty affects exploration. Algorithms based on uncertainty bonuses predict a change in response bias as a function of uncertainty, whereas algorithms based on sampling predict a change in response slope. Two experiments provide evidence for both bias and slope changes, and computational modeling confirms that a hybrid model is the best quantitative account of the data.
According to the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model, greater information insufficiency leads to more active information seeking and systematic processing, and these relationships ...are moderated by perceived information gathering capacity. These moderation effects, however, have only been documented in a few studies. We employ an experimental design to examine these relationships. The research context is per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination, an emerging environmental health risk. Based on data collected from 538 U.S. adults, we found that information insufficiency interacted with perceived information gathering capacity to influence systematic processing and information seeking intention. These results suggest that it is important to reduce the entry barrier of risk communication materials related to PFAS by simplifying the language used to explain this topic, as well as to highlight the relevance of PFAS contamination to people's everyday life.
Objective
The current study had two objectives: (a) describe demographic differences in parent technology use and (b) explore how parent technology use contributes to parent locus of control and how ...locus of control is associated with child problem behaviors.
Background
The ubiquitous use of technology is likely to influence parenting and, in turn, children's outcomes. This study was designed to test the pathway from parents' technology use to children's problem behaviors through their locus of control for parenting.
Method
Participants were 316 U.S. parents (36% fathers; Mage = 41.93 years), recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk, with at least one child aged 10 to 18 years. Structural equation models were estimated to test the hypothesized paths.
Results and Conclusion
Fathers and lower income parents reported significantly less frequent online information gathering and parents of color reported significantly more frequent calling and texting and social networking than White parents. Parents' texting and calling was positively, and online information gathering negatively, linked to child problem behaviors through parental locus of control.
Implications
Understanding how diverse parents are using technology for parenting, and which online tools are effective for supporting parents is essential to developing online resources to support families.
This work develops a motion planner that compensates the deficiencies from perception modules by exploiting the reaction capabilities of a vehicle. The work analyzes present uncertainties and defines ...driving objectives together with constraints that ensure safety. The resulting problem is solved in real-time, in two distinct ways: first, with nonlinear optimization, and secondly, by framing it as a partially observable Markov decision process and approximating the solution with sampling.
Scholarship on transparency and freedom of information (FOI) conveys an overwhelmingly “political” narrative. Most uses of FOI, however, are private and nonpolitical in nature. This article explores ...the gap between the literature and empirical reality by means of an “Information-Gathering Matrix,” a framework for conceptualizing the motivations, uses, and impacts associated with FOI. Following a broad literature review, case studies illustrate that while FOI uses may be multifarious and prima facie nonpolitical, at least three of the matrix’s four quadrants—from the public to the private and the political to the nonpolitical—frequently tend toward politicization.
Online sources not only permeate the information-seeking environment of the younger generation, but also have profound influence in shaping their beliefs and behaviors. In this landscape, examining ...the factors responsible for credibility perceptions of online information is fundamental, particularly for health-related information. Using a 2 (frames: gain vs. loss) × 2 (source: expert vs. non-expert) × 2 (social endorsement: high vs. low) randomized between-subjects experimental design, this study examines the effect of health message framing and the moderating effects of social endorsement and source type on credibility perceptions of Facebook posts. Testing across two issues--physical activity and alcohol consumption--findings indicate that the gain-framed message was perceived as most credible. Additionally, significant three-way interactions suggest that social endorsement and source type affect the relationship between message framing and credibility perceptions. Specifically, the findings demonstrate that a gain-framed message from an expert source with high number of 'likes' is considered the most credible message. These findings have significant implications for information gathering from social media sources, such as the influence of 'likes' on health information.
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