The objectives were to characterize oral cavity cancer (OCC) funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) with a secondary aim of comparing NIH support provided to OCC and other malignancies. ...NIH awards supporting OCC inquiry from 2000 to 2014 were accessed from the NIH RePORTER database. These data were used to evaluate temporal trends and the role of human papilloma virus and to determine the academic training and professional profiles of the principal investigators. Comparison of 2014 funding levels with other malignancies was also performed, controlling for incidence. Overall funding totals decreased considerably after 2009. Funding administered through the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) was 6.5 times greater than dollars awarded by the National Cancer Institute in 2000. During the period evaluated, NIDCR support decreased in most years, while National Cancer Institute support increased and approached NIDCR funding levels. Funding for human papilloma virus–related projects gradually rose, from 3.4% of dollars in 2000 to 2004 to 6.2% from 2010 to 2014 (P < 0.05). A majority of principal investigators had a PhD omnia solus (57%), and 13% possessed dual PhD/clinical degrees. Among clinicians with specialty training, otolaryngologists and oral/maxillofacial pathologists garnered the most funding. OCC had a 2014 funding:incidence ratio of $785, much lower than for other malignancies. There has been increased volatility in funding support in recent years possibly due to budget cuts and sequestration. The National Cancer Institute has played an increasingly important role in supporting OCC research, concomitant with decreasing NIDCR support. Our findings suggest that OCC is underfunded relative to other non–oral cavity malignancies, indicating a need to increase the focus on rectifying the disparity.
Cities of Knowledge O'Mara, Margaret
2015, 2015., 20150217, 2004, Letnik:
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eBook
What is the magic formula for turning a place into a high-tech capital? How can a city or region become a high-tech powerhouse like Silicon Valley? For over half a century, through boom times and ...bust, business leaders and politicians have tried to become "the next Silicon Valley," but few have succeeded. This book examines why high-tech development became so economically important late in the twentieth century, and why its magic formula of people, jobs, capital, and institutions has been so difficult to replicate. Margaret O'Mara shows that high-tech regions are not simply accidental market creations but "cities of knowledge"--planned communities of scientific production that were shaped and subsidized by the original venture capitalist, the Cold War defense complex.
At the heart of the story is the American research university, an institution enriched by Cold War spending and actively engaged in economic development. The story of the city of knowledge broadens our understanding of postwar urban history and of the relationship between civil society and the state in late twentieth-century America. It leads us to further redefine the American suburb as being much more than formless "sprawl," and shows how it is in fact the ultimate post-industrial city. Understanding this history and geography is essential to planning for the future of the high-tech economy, and this book is must reading for anyone interested in building the next Silicon Valley.
From the middle of the twentieth century, think tanks have played an indelible role in the rise of American conservatism. Positioning themselves against the alleged liberal bias of the media, ...academia, and the federal bureaucracy, conservative think tanks gained the attention of politicians and the public alike and were instrumental in promulgating conservative ideas. Yet, in spite of the formative influence these institutions have had on the media and public opinion, little has been written about their history. Here, Jason Stahl offers the first sustained investigation of the rise and historical development of the conservative think tank as a source of political and cultural power in the United States.What we now know as conservative think tanks--research and public-relations institutions populated by conservative intellectuals--emerged in the postwar period as places for theorizing and "selling" public policies and ideologies to both lawmakers and the public at large. Stahl traces the progression of think tanks from their outsider status against a backdrop of New Deal and Great Society liberalism to their current prominence as a counterweight to progressive political institutions and thought. By examining the rise of the conservative think tank, Stahl makes invaluable contributions to our historical understanding of conservatism, public-policy formation, and capitalism.
This work is a personal account of the origins and early years of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Bourgeois crafts an engaging study that draws on her involvement with the Institute and on ...related archives, interviews, and informal conversations. The volume discusses the people who founded the Institute and built a home for renowned research—leading scientists of the time as well as non-scientists of stature in finance, politics, philanthropy, publishing, and the humanities. The events that brought people together, the historic backdrop in which they worked, their personalities, their courage and their visions, their clash of egos and their personal vanities are woven together in a rich, engaging narrative about the founding of a world-premier research institution.
Stroke severity measured by the baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a strong predictor of stroke outcome. Early change of baseline severity may be a better predictor of ...outcome. Here, we hypothesized that the change in NIHSS in the first 24 h after stroke improved stroke outcome prediction.
Patients from the Leuven Stroke Genetics Study were included when the baseline NIHSS (B-NIHSS) was determined on admission in the hospital and NIHSS after 24 h could be obtained from patient files. The delta NIHSS, relative reduction NIHSS, and major neurological improvement (NIHSS of 0-1 or ≥8-point improvement at 24 h) were calculated. Good functional outcome (GFO) at 90 days was defined as a modified Rankin Scale of 0-2. Independent predictors of outcome were identified by multivariate logistic regression. We performed a secondary analysis after excluding patients presenting with a minor stroke (NIHSS 0-5) since the assessment of change in NIHSS might be more reliable in patients presenting with a moderate to severe deficit.
We analyzed the outcome in 369 patients. B-NIHSS was associated with GFO (odds ratio: 0.82; 95% CI 0.77-0.86). In a multivariate model with B-NIHSS and age as predictors, the accuracy area under the curve (AUC): 0.82 improved by including the delta NIHSS (AUC: 0.86;
< 0.01). In 131 patients with moderate to severe stroke, the predictive multivariate model was more accurate when including the RR NIHSS (AUC: 0.83) to the model which included B-NIHSS, age and ischemic heart disease (AUC: 0.77;
= 0.03).
B-NIHSS is a predictor of stroke outcome. In this cohort, the prediction of GFO was improved by adding change in stroke severity after 24 h to the model.
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