Lors du regne personnel de Louis XIV et jusqu'a la Revocation (1661-85), dans le contexte d'une repression judiciaire contre la minorite reformee et d'une remise en cause du regime de l'edit de ...Nantes, les synodes provinciaux representent de facto les Eglises. En leur sein, ce sont des pasteurs, et notamment les moderateurs, qui portent la parole de leurs communautes. La surveillance royale est principalement exercee par des commissaires (y compris des catholiques a partir de 1679) presents dans les synodes. Les echanges entre les moderateurs et les representants du roi permettent donc de voir comment le discours de soumission a la monarchie est recherche, consigne et valorise par les commissaires, mais parfois conditionne, voire conteste par les pasteurs, en particulier lorsque la liberte de conscience est remise en cause et que les lois divines semblent entravees par la legislation royale. During the period of Louis XlV's reign as sole ruler of France and prior to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1661-1685)--years characterized by legal repression of the Reformist minority and uncertainty around the Edict's regime of tolerance--provincial synods were the de facto representatives of the reformed Churches. Here, it was pastors, and more particularly moderators, who acted as the voice of their communities. Royal oversight was chiefly maintained by commissioners (including Catholics after 1679) who were present in the synods. The exchanges that took place between the moderators and the representatives of the king reveal how a discourse of submission to the monarchy was established and cultivated by the commissioners, while sometimes being conditioned or contested by the pastors, particularly in cases where freedom of conscience was threatened and divine law appeared to be impeded by royal decree.
Imperial Japanese soldiers were notorious for blindly following orders, and their enemies in the Pacific War derided them as "cattle to the slaughter." But, in fact, the Japanese Army had a long ...history as one of the most disobedient armies in the world. Officers repeatedly staged coups d'états, violent insurrections, and political assassinations; their associates defied orders given by both the government and the general staff, launched independent military operations against other countries, and in two notorious cases conspired to assassinate foreign leaders despite direct orders to the contrary.
InCurse on This Country, Danny Orbach explains the culture of rebellion in the Japanese armed forces. It was a culture created by a series of seemingly innocent decisions, each reasonable in its own right, which led to a gradual weakening of Japanese government control over its army and navy. The consequences were dire, as the armed forces dragged the government into more and more of China across the 1930s-a culture of rebellion that made the Pacific War possible. Orbach argues that brazen defiance, rather than blind obedience, was the motive force of modern Japanese history.
Curse on This Countryfollows a series of dramatic events: assassinations in the dark corners of Tokyo, the famous rebellion of Saigō Takamori, the "accidental" invasion of Taiwan, the Japanese ambassador's plot to murder the queen of Korea, and the military-political crisis in which the Japanese prime minister "changed colors." Finally, through the sinister plots of the clandestine Cherry Blossom Society, we follow the deterioration of Japan into chaos, fascism, and world wa
The last 15 years have witnessed renewed interest in resistance in and around organizations. In this essay, we offer a conceptual framework to thematize this burgeoning conceptual and empirical ...terrain. We critically explore scholarship that examines resistance in terms of its manifestations and political intent or impact. We offer four fields of possibility for resistance scholarship: individual infrapolitics, collective infrapolitics, insubordination, and insurrection (the “four I’s” of resistance). We conclude by considering the relationship between resistance theory and praxis, and pose four questions, or provocations, for stimulating future resistance research and practice.
À partir de l’image emblématique du cocktail Molotov lancé contre quelque chose, une réflexion est recherchée sur l’instant de la révolte et ses développements fulgurants. La révolte vue dans une ...dimension phénoménique, indissociable de l’expérience du révolté, suspend le temps historique et se configure comme un acte autonome, indépendant de quoi que ce soit. Dans de telles conditions, on peut la considérer en tant qu’acte insubordonné, qui ne se soumet à rien. Il s’agit, dans une conception batallienne, d’un acte souverain. Mais quelles seraient les contributions de penser la révolte à l’instant de sa réalisation insubordonnée ? Dans cet engagement se dégage peut-être une pensée fulgurante de la révolte, transfigurant l’ennemi, les motivations personnelles, la cause collective et même le soi, joint à l’émergence d’une autre collectivité. Dans une telle émergence, l’instant de la révolte réalise, dans le refus et la contestation d’un mode de vie servile, une sorte de souveraineté solidaire, dans laquelle la révolte n’en est pas moins au nom de tous les siens .
•Si-future exclamatives in Spanish shed new light into the notion of insubordination.•Mirative future emerges as a result of successive emancipations.•Mirative future is compatible with the ...‘distance-forward’ deictic template.•Mirative future represents a further step into the process of grammaticalization.•Mirative future exemplifies the range of mirative meaning conveyed in Spanish.
This paper examines si-future exclamatives in Spanish, both synchronically and diachronically, with the aim not only of identifying their possible contexts of use but also of distinguishing their various semantic interpretations. In addition to permitting the redefinition of the space of insubordination and assessing the role of analogy in the continuing independence of the marker si, this proposal provides an explanation of Spanish mirative future as emerging from the emancipation of a previous structure, albeit that it retains the deictic value of morphological future –which becomes a functional feature in its new discursive meaning. From this perspective, the grammaticalization of morphological future in Spanish is not contemplated as a closed cycle, but rather as a still ongoing process. More broadly speaking, this paper helps outline the semantic array of mirative meanings through providing evidence about the type of mirativity that can be conveyed in Spanish.
The article deals with the use of the Lithuanian anteriority converb in -us in a certain type of purpose clauses whose implicit subject is coreferential with the (often also implicit) main clause ...subject or agent (as in kad veltui neišmetus pinigų ‘in order not to throw money away’). The article offers a historical account for its rise based on internal reconstruction. It is argued that the anteriority converb was introduced as a pseudo-conditional strategy used to avoid a factive reading in constructions with evaluative predicates (as in gerai būtų suradus... = gerai būtų, jeigu surastume... ‘it would be a good thing if we found…’). From evaluative constructions the converb then spread to optative clauses with kad tik ‘if only’ (gerai būtų suradus ‘it would be a good thing to find…’ → kad tik suradus... ‘if only one could find…’). Apart from a semantic shift (from evaluative to desiderative/deontic) this also involved a process of syntactic insubordination. In a subsequent process of resubordination, constructions with the anteriority converb finally came to function as adverbial purpose clauses. In the final part of the article it is argued that the negative view prescriptivist sources take of purpose clauses with the anteriority converb might be up for a revision.
Straipsnyje aptariami lietuvių kalbos tikslo šalutiniai sakiniai su kad ir būtojo laiko padalyviu (kad veltui neišmetus pinigų). Skiriamasis šių sakinių bruožas yra pagrindinio ir šalutinio sakinių subjektų sutapimas. Straipsnyje siūlomas vidinės rekonstrukcijos metodu paremtas minėtų tikslo konstrukcijų aiškinimas. Keliama hipotezė, kad padalyvis pradėtas vartoti sakiniuose su vertinamaisiais predikatais kaip „pseudosąlyginė“ strategija faktyvinei interpretacijai išvengti (gerai būtų suradus... = gerai būtų, jeigu surastume…). Iš konstrukcijų su vertinamaisiais predikatais padalyvis buvo perkeltas į optatyvinius (pageidavimą reiškiančius) sakinius (gerai būtų suradus → kad tik suradus…). Be semantinio poslinkio (nuo vertinamosios prie desideratyvinės arba optatyvinės reikšmės), čia įvyko ir sintaksinės insubordinacijos procesas. Pagaliau optatyviniai sakiniai su padalyviu buvo įtraukti į naują sintaksinę priklausomybę su nauja – aplinkybinės tikslo konstrukcijos – funkcija (kad tik veltui neišmetus pinigų → reikia gerai apgalvoti, kad veltui neišmetus pinigų). Baigiamosiose pastabose trumpai aptariami ir preskriptyviniai padalyvinės tikslo konstrukcijos aspektai ir keliama mintis, kad preskriptyvinėje literatūroje vyraujantis neigiamas jos vertinimas gal nėra visai pagrįstas.
The present study aimed to translate the insubordination scale into the Chinese version (ISBD-C) and to test its reliability and validity among 994 full-time Chinese employees. In Study 1 (N = 551), ...the insubordination scale was translated, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted, which revealed a single factor structure of insubordination. In Study 2 (N = 443), the scale’s convergent validity and discriminant validity were supported by confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Further, measurement invariance was tested and indicated that the ISBD-C was equivalent across gender, age, education level and job position. Finally, the scale’s concurrent validity was demonstrated by positive correlations with general counterproductive workplace behavior and procrastination, and negative correlations with workplace well-being, work engagement, and affective commitment. These findings provide strong evidence that ISBD-C is a useful measure in the Chinese context.
•This paper analyzes grammaticalization of avoidives in English and Korean.•Avoidives are the prototypical exponent of apprehensionals.•Negation and temporal are major sources of avoidives.•Avoidives ...often develop into apprehensive through insubordination.•Development of avoidives observes grammaticalization parameters.
This paper addresses avoidives, the grammatical means of precautioning the hearer against probable and undesirable events, from crosslinguistic and grammaticalization perspectives. An analysis of avoidives in English and Korean shows that the two languages do not share much commonality with regard to lexical sources but that their source constructions have undergone changes characteristic of grammaticalization over time. We argue that the development of an avoidive into an apprehensive is among the cross-linguistically common channels, through insubordination, whereby the main clause of a biclausal expression becomes elided and the subordinate clause becomes the main clause, carrying the pragmatically inferred meaning from ellipsis, e.g., warning, as part of the meaning of the construction. The development from biclausal to monoclausal structure, however, is not deterministic, as evidence by the Korean scenario in the reversed direction shows. We also argue that negation and temporal are common source concepts in the grammaticalization of avoidives, and that some of the Korean lexical sources have not yet been observed across languages.
Este trabajo aborda el estudio de la combinación de partículas εἰ μὴ … γε que hemos calificado como “εἰ μὴ … γε replicativo”. Esta combinación de partículas y con este valor concreto de réplica se ...localiza en los diálogos de obras de Eurípides y Aristófanes preferentemente, pero también en los diálogos de Platón y, más adelante, en algunos escritos de Jenofonte, hasta llegar a Luciano y Libanio, de forma ya mucho más esporádica y sin la frescura y espontaneidad del drama ático. En términos de análisis conversacional (AC), se considera que es un SPP (primera parte del par adyacente) que se ofrece como reacción despreferida ante un PPP (segunda parte del par adyacente) en un par dialógico adyacente, en términos de fuerte y enérgica protesta y rectificación de lo que se acaba de decir, con sus oportunas consecuencias en términos de (des)cortesía lingüística. Por su independencia sintáctica, se incluye también en el ámbito de la insubordinación, es decir, el uso convencionalizado como oración principal de lo que, a primera vista, parecen ser oraciones formalmente subordinadas. Por último, se señala su carácter probablemente exclamativo.
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