Methods commonly used to generate artificial ground histories can't deal with the complex interactions that occur during earthquakes, including the seismic source and wave's path, site conditions, ...and the presence of the built environment. To address this problem, researchers in Carnegie Mellon University's Quake Group have used high-performance computing to simulate earthquakes at regional scales including complex engineering systems.
通过研究氮磷钾肥对三七Panax ...notoginseng（Burk）F.H.Chen产量及主要有效成分产量的影响，为三七种植生产推荐合理的施肥量，试验采用3414随机区组设计，进行连续2年的田间小区试验，测定三七植株农艺性状、产量、总皂苷产量等指标，通过肥料效应函数方程拟合氮磷钾施肥量。结果表明，施肥不同程度促进了三七株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽等农艺性状，且以适当施氮和磷的效果为最佳；二年七（二年生三七）对钾的依赖性较氮磷强，而三年七（三年生三七）对氮的依赖性最强；施氮能显著提高三七单位面积总皂苷产量，在低氮水平即可获得最高总皂苷产量，而磷、钾肥对皂苷含量及总皂苷产量的影响不明显；氮磷钾对三七产量的影响有互作效应，低磷、中钾水平利于氮肥肥效发挥，低氮、中钾水平利于磷肥肥效发挥，而低氮、中磷水平利于钾肥肥效发挥。根据三七总皂苷产量的三元二次回归方程，最大化三七总皂苷产量的施肥量：二年七为N 157~164 kg·hm-2、P2O5 179~187 kg·hm-2、K2O 337~356 kg·hm-2；三年七为N 192~200 kg·hm-2，P2O5 179~187 kg·hm-2，K2O 412~435 kg·hm-2。因此，分别针对二年七和三年七，适当控制施氮量和施钾量，增加施磷量，将三者进行合理配比，对提高单位面积三七总皂苷产量有重要意义。 To recommend reasonable fertilizer application amount, effects of N, P and K levels on yield and output of main components of Panax notoginseng were researched in this study. Agronomic properties, yield and saponins output were measured in field plot experiments in 2 successive years with 3414 design. Application amount of N, P and K was simulated using fertilizer effect function equation. The results showed that fertilization at differ
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) comprising nano/microcrystalline matrices and reinforcements exhibit impressive mechanical behaviors derived by exploiting the size effects due to development of ...geometrically necessary dislocations. In such nanostructured MMCs intricate interactions between the grain size
d
g
and inclusion size
d
i
may exist in their overall response, but are difficult to isolate in experiments and are also not accounted for in the size-dependent homogenized models. In this paper, we computationally investigate the grain size–inclusion size interaction in model MMCs architectures wherein the grains and inclusions are explicitly resolved. A mechanism-based slip-gradient crystal plasticity formulation (
Han et al., 2005a) is implemented in a finite element framework to model polycrystalline mass as an aggregate of randomly oriented single crystals that host elastic inclusions. The slip gradients that develop across grain boundaries and at inclusion–grain interfaces during deformation result in length-scale dependent responses that depend on both
d
g
and
d
i
, for a fixed inclusion volume fraction
f. For a given
d
i
and
f, the overall hardening exhibits a nonlinear dependence on grain size for
d
g
⩽
d
i
indicating that interaction effects become important at those length-scales. Systematic computational simulations on bare polycrystalline and MMC architectures are performed in order to isolate the contributions due to grain size, inclusion size and the interaction thereof. Based on these results, an analytical model developed for the interaction hardening exhibits a Hall–Petch type dependence on these microstructural sizes that can be incorporated into homogenized approaches.
In the Eye of the Impulsive Beholder Jones, Shayne; Lynam, Donald R.
Criminal justice and behavior,
03/2009, Letnik:
36, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Substantial evidence indicates that impulsivity is a robust correlate of offending. However, its effects appear to be partially contingent upon other criminological factors, such as neighborhood ...context. The research examining the moderating influence of neighborhoods on the impulsivity—offending relationship has yielded inconsistent findings. The current analysis further investigates the possible interaction by exploring different types of impulsivity-related traits, perceptions of neighborhood informal social control, and their interaction among young women and men. Results indicate that thrill and adventure seeking (among men) and lack of premeditation (among men and women) exert stronger influences on offending among those who live in neighborhoods low in perceived supervision. These findings have implications for criminological theories and intervention efforts.
This analysis examines the impact of established predictors on probation failure utilizing a large randomly selected sample of adult probationers. Initial findings suggest that race, gender, ...location, offense severity as well as risk assessment scores significantly predict probation failure. This study then examines interaction effects between race and gender as well as race and offense severity. Results indicate such interactions may matter in studying probation failure, despite reason to be cautious about their interpretation. Importantly, the results of the interaction model suggest that the interaction between being an African American and male is a significant predictor of probation failure. Additionally, being a Hispanic felon was also statistically significant. Theoretical, practical, and research implications are discussed alongside study limitations.
In this article, we discuss the study design and lessons learned from a full-factorial randomised controlled study conducted with beneficiaries of a youth programme in Pretoria, South Africa. The ...study assesses whether the integration of an economic strengthening intervention wiith an HIV-prevention education intervention improves economic and health outcomes beyond singular interventions. The selected youth were randomised into four groups: combined economic strengthening and HIV-prevention interventions; economic strengthening intervention only; HIV-prevention education intervention only; or no interventions. We conducted a pre-intervention and two post-intervention assessments with the participants to measure outcomes, including the primary outcome - prevalence of sexually transmitted infections. We discuss our rationale for the study design and the challenges faced when implementing it. We consider how features of the integrated programme, such as how synergy is assessed, and features of context, for example available sample size, determine which methods can be used to test the effectiveness of integrated programming.
Low-Cost-Hypothese und Rationalität Tutić, Andreas; Voss, Thomas; Liebe, Ulf
Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie,
12/2017, Letnik:
69, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Zusammenfassung
Es wird ein elementares mikroökonomisches Modell präsentiert, welches Einstellungen beinhaltet und die Ableitung der Low-Cost-Hypothese für den Fall einer kontinuierlichen ...Verhaltensvariable gestattet. Ähnlich wie es Best und Kroneberg (2012) für den Fall einer binären Verhaltensvariable gezeigt haben, impliziert unser Modell, dass die Low-Cost-Hypothese nicht über Regressionsmodelle getestet werden sollte, in denen explizit Interaktionsterme zwischen Einstellungsstärke und Kosten der Einstellungskonformität aufgenommen werden. An zwei Anwendungsbeispielen aus der Umweltsoziologie – Zahlungsbereitschaft für Biodiversität in Wäldern und Spendenbereitschaft im Tierschutz – wird illustriert, dass die LCH gemäß dieser gängigen Teststrategie scheitern kann, obwohl sie sich anhand unserer theoretisch fundierten Teststrategie bewährt.
Die Low-Cost-Hypothese Best, Henning; Kroneberg, Clemens
Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie,
09/2012, Letnik:
64, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Zusammenfassung
Die Low-Cost-Hypothese (LCH) postuliert, dass der Einfluss von Einstellungen auf das Verhalten von der Kostenträchtigkeit der Entscheidungssituation abhängt. In ...Niedrigkostensituationen sei der Effekt der Einstellungen höher als in Hochkostensituationen. Wir argumentieren, dass bei genauerer Betrachtung der Literatur zwei verschiedene Versionen der LCH zu finden sind, die nicht ausreichend voneinander getrennt werden. Wir rekonstruieren diese beiden Versionen, die „einfache“ und die „spezifische“ Version der LCH, und diskutieren ihre theoretischen Grundlagen und empirischen Implikationen. Die „einfache“ Version ergibt sich aus einer einfachen nutzentheoretischen Modellierung des Entscheidungsproblems. In dieser Version der LCH wirken Einstellungen und (harte) Verhaltenskosten unabhängig voneinander auf den Netto-Erwartungsnutzen der Handlungsalternativen. Ein bedingter Effekt der Einstellungen in Abhängigkeit von den Verhaltenskosten ergibt sich lediglich in Bezug auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Wahl einer Handlungsalternativen. Diese Abhängigkeit der marginalen Effekte von dem Nutzenniveau oder der Basiswahrscheinlichkeit, auf der ein Akteur sich befindet, gilt jedoch für
alle möglichen
Einflussfaktoren oder Nutzenterme. Eine zweite, „spezifische“ Version der LCH postuliert darüber hinausgehend einen variablenspezifischen Interaktionseffekt zwischen Einstellungen und Kosten. Während die meisten der zur Herleitung dieser Hypothese vorgebrachten Ansätze bei näherer Betrachtung unzureichend sind, bieten dual-process-Theorien eine Möglichkeit, die spezifische Version der LCH handlungstheoretisch zu fundieren und in ihrer bedingten Gültigkeit zu verstehen. Aus dem Beitrag ergeben sich sowohl Schlussfolgerungen für empirische Anwendungen und Tests der LCH in diversen soziologischen Forschungsgebieten als auch generell für die entscheidungstheoretische Analyse sozialen Handelns.
This paper suggests a full interaction effects design to analyze bilateral trade flows. This is illustrated with an unbalanced panel of bilateral trade between the triad (EU15, USA and Japan) ...economies and their 57 most important trading partners over the period 1986–1997. Our full interaction model finds empirical support for the New Trade Theory and Linder’s hypothesis. We show that the omission of one or more interaction effects can result in biased estimates and misleading inference.
The effects of dodecylamine (DDA), kerosene and pH on the recovery of combustible matter and ash content of a lignitic coal from Tuncbilek, Turkey have been studied using a three-variable and ...two-level (2
3) factorial experimental design. The coal sample responded favourably to batch flotation with high recoveries in excess of 95% using both kerosene and DDA respectively. The main effects of all three factors on the recovery are positive. Significance of DDA as a collector, is somewhat greater than that of kerosene, but its selectivity for ash reduction is not significant at the 95% confidence level. The pH-dependence of recovery by these collectors is opposite to each other. The DDA-induced flotation recovery is lowest at pH 9.4, an effect which has been related to precipitation of cationic species of this collector. The kerosene-induced recovery and grade of combustible matter increases with pH and this has been attributed to a better dispersion of coal and its associated clays. The two-way interaction effects are all negative at a smaller level. The main and interaction effects have been discussed on the basis of adsorption at most favourable surface sites, different modes of orientation of DDA species, competition with kerosene, and probable collecting properties of the frother used. The simultaneous effects of the two collectors on the recovery of combustible matter have been discussed at each pH value used.
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