Comfort carries many positive consequences, and a vital issue is how to stimulate it. Because service personnel are direct service providers, which means they have a significant impact on the ...customer. Apparently, it is critical to improve customer comfort from the perspective of service personnel. Based on the Service Encounter theory and Regulatory Fit Theory, this paper explores how service personnel's interactive orientation, including interaction orientation, task orientation, self-orientation, influences customer comfort and examines the mediating role of perceived control and the moderating role of self-construal. We analyzed the data collected from 257 consumers using a self-reported survey using SEM with SPSS17.0 and AMOS21.0. The results show that interaction orientation has a significant positive effect on customer comfort, self-orientation has a significant negative impact on customer comfort, and task orientation has no significant impact. Perceived control plays a mediating role in the relationship between service personnel's interactive orientation and customer comfort. The moderating effect of self-construal is significant. We discussed the implications of the findings for academics and managers.
The Skuta Glacier in the Kamnik–Savinja Alps (in northern Slovenia) is one of the two remaining glaciers in Slovenia. It is located in a cirque oriented toward the northwest, which shields it from ...sunlight for most of the year. The glacier lies at an average elevation of 2070m. In recent years, its average area has measured around 1.5 hectares. Monitoring of the glacier has been performed since 1946. In 1962, regular photographing of the glacier with various cameras started from various non-fixed standpoints. Using the single image interactive orientation acquisition method, in which a single photograph is compared with the projection of a modern digital terrain model, seventeen photographs covering the period from 1970 to 2015 were used to acquire the 3D-perimeters of the glacier. The data shows that the elevation of glacier’s upper edge decreased by approximately 40m in the last half-century. Changes in the glacier’s area and average upper edge elevation were compared with average annual temperature and maximum seasonal snow cover depth.
The written text comprehension constitutes a topic of value for the current pedagogical trends; its importance surpasses the boundaries of the teaching of the mother tongue. Due to the necessity of ...going in depth on this topic, this investigation has been developed with the aim of proposing activities for the comprehension of written texts with an interactive orientation and a game-like focus for fifth and sixth grades of the primary school. This article, which is the result of the theoretical systematizing on the topic carried out by their authors as part of their doctoral formation, has been evaluated in the educational practice of the primary school with positive results that endorse the effectiveness of the proposed activities. This demonstrates the necessity to transform the teaching-learning process of written text comprehension into an interactive, game-like and independent process.
La comprensión de textos escritos constituye un tema de valor para la Pedagogía actual, que trasciende los marcos de la enseñanza de la lengua materna. Por la necesidad de seguir profundizando en este tema se desarrolla esta investigación que tiene como objetivo proponer tareas de aprendizaje para la comprensión de textos escritos con orientación interactiva, desde un enfoque lúdicro e independiente, en escolares del segundo ciclo de la escuela primaria. Este artículo, que es el resultado de la sistematización teórica sobre el tema, realizado por sus autores como parte de la formación doctoral, se ha evaluado en la práctica educativa de la escuela primaria, con resultados positivos que avalan la efectividad de las actividades propuestas, lo que demuestra la necesidad de transformar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la comprensión de textos escritos para convertirlo en un proceso interactivo, lúdicro e independiente.
Comprehensive 3D modeling of our environment requires integration of terrestrial and airborne data, which is collected, preferably, using laser scanning and photogrammetric methods. However, ...integration of these multi-source data requires accurate relative orientations. In this article, two methods for solving relative orientation problems are presented. The first method includes registration by minimizing the distances between of an airborne laser point cloud and a 3D model. The 3D model was derived from photogrammetric measurements and terrestrial laser scanning points. The first method was used as a reference and for validation. Having completed registration in the object space, the relative orientation between images and laser point cloud is known. The second method utilizes an interactive orientation method between a multi-scale image block and a laser point cloud. The multi-scale image block includes both aerial and terrestrial images. Experiments with the multi-scale image block revealed that the accuracy of a relative orientation increased when more images were included in the block. The orientations of the first and second methods were compared. The comparison showed that correct rotations were the most difficult to detect accurately by using the interactive method. Because the interactive method forces laser scanning data to fit with the images, inaccurate rotations cause corresponding shifts to image positions. However, in a test case, in which the orientation differences included only shifts, the interactive method could solve the relative orientation of an aerial image and airborne laser scanning data repeatedly within a couple of centimeters.
A panoramic, non‐metric, Horizont camera has been used for regular, monthly, close‐range photography of the rapidly retreating Triglav glacier in Slovenia since 1976. The unfavourable geometry of the ...convergent images taken from the two camera stations has made any direct stereoscopic observation and recording impossible. The aim of this research was to define the most useful method for acquiring 3D data from these panoramic, convergent images. The Horizont camera was calibrated and three methods were then tested: the generation of pseudo‐orthophotographs, the application of 2D clinometry and the interactive orientation of a detailed digital elevation model (DEM) on the images. The third turned out to be the only method suitable for determining the boundary of the Triglav glacier.
The interactive orientation of a detailed DEM on the Horizont images is described in detail. The 3D glacier boundary can be acquired from individual Horizont images (camera stations A and B) enabling the computation of the glacier’s area and theoretical volume. By repeating the glacier boundary acquisition for different orientation parameters, the standard deviations of the glacier area and theoretical volume were computed. Because of the more precise average area and volume measurements achieved with the camera station B images, only these were chosen for the glacier disappearance study. Every third year between 1976 and 2005 the Horizont images were used to compute the changes in the area and volume of the glacier. The glacier area was found to have reduced to 8% of its earlier size, from 15 ha in 1976 to 1·2 ha in 2000. However, owing to harsher than average winters since then the decline in the glacier area was found to have slowed in the past decade (2000 to 2009). The glacier’s theoretical volume decreased roughly exponentially from 1976 to 2005.
Résumé
Une caméra Horizont panoramique et non métrique est utilisée depuis 1976 pour la photographie rapprochée périodique, à une cadence mensuelle, du glacier Triglav (Slovénie) caractérisé par son recul rapide. Des images convergentes sont acquises depuis deux stations dans la direction du glacier, géométrie défavorable qui rend impossible l’observation stéréoscopique. Le but de cette recherche était de définir la méthode la plus efficace pour obtenir des données 3D à partir de ces images panoramiques convergentes. La caméra Horizont a étéétalonnée et trois méthodes ont été testées: la production de pseudo‐orthophotos, la mise en œuvre d’une clinométrie 2D, et l’orientation interactive d’un MNT détaillé sur les images. Cette troisième méthode s’est avérée être la seule viable pour déterminer la limite du glacier Triglav.
L’orientation interactive d’un MNT détaillé sur les images Horizont est décrite en détail. Les limites 3D du glacier peuvent être obtenues à partir d’images Horizont individuelles (stations A et B), ce qui permet le calcul de l’aire du glacier et de son volume théorique. En renouvelant la détermination des limites du glacier pour différents paramètres d’orientation, les écarts‐types de l’aire et du volume théorique du glacier ont été calculés. Les images de la station B ayant conduit à des mesures d’aire et de volume plus précises, seules ces images ont été utilisées pour étudier la disparition du glacier. Tous les trois ans de 1976 à 2005, les images Horizont ont été utilisées pour calculer les changements de surface et de volume du glacier. Il a ainsi pu être observé que l’aire du glacier avait diminué jusqu’à 8% de sa taille d’origine, de 15 ha en 1976 à 1·2 ha en 2000. Toutefois, les hivers ayant ensuite été plus rigoureux que la moyenne, le recul du glacier a ralenti dans la dernière (2000–2009). Quant au volume théorique du glacier, il a diminué d’une manière à peu près exponentielle de 1976 à 2005.
Zusammenfassung
Eine nicht‐metrische Horizont Panoramakamera wurde für die regelmäßige, monatliche photographische Aufnahme des stark schmelzenden Triglav Gletschers in Slowenien seit dem Jahr 1976 eingesetzt. Die konvergenten Aufnahmen werden von zwei Kamerastationen in Richtung des Gletschers aufgenommen, was eine stereoskopische Beobachtung und Auswertung unmöglich macht. Es sollte die geeignetste Methode ermittelt werden, die es dennoch erlaubt, 3D Daten aus diesen konvergenten Panoramaaufnahmen abzuleiten. Dazu wurde die Horizont Panoramakamera kalibriert und mit drei Methoden getestet: Diese sind: Generierung von Pseudo‐Orthophotos, die Anwendung von 2D Neigungsmessungen und die interaktive Orientierung eines detailreichen Digitalen Höhenmodells auf die Bilder. Diese dritte Methode hat sich als die geeignetste erwiesen, um den Umriss des Triglav Gletschers zu bestimmen und wird im Detail beschrieben. Der dreidimensionale Umriss des Gletschers kann aus einzelnen Horizont Bildern (Kamerastandpunkte A und B) bestimmt werden, wodurch die Fläche und das theoretische Volumen des Gletschers berechnet werden können. Durch Wiederholung der Bestimmung des Gletscherumrisses für verschiedene Orientierungsparameter, wurden die Standardabweichungen für die Fläche und das theoretische Volumen ermittelt. Durch die präziseren Messungen für Fläche und Volumen mit den Bildern von Kamerastandpunkt B wurden nur diese für die Studien zum Schmelzen des Gletschers verwendet. Jedes dritte Jahr zw. 1976 und 2005 wurden die Horizont Bilder verwendet, um die Änderungen der Fläche und des Volumens des Gletschers zu bestimmen. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Fläche des Gletschers auf 8% der ursprünglichen Fläche reduziert war, d.h. von 15 ha im Jahr 1976 auf 1·2 ha im Jahr 2000. Durch strengere Winter wurde jedoch in der letzten Dekade von (2000–2009) das Abschmelzen des Gletschers verlangsamt. Das theoretische Volumen des Gletschers nahm von 1976 bis 2005 näherungsweise exponentiell ab.
Resumen
Se ha utilizado una cámara panorámica no métrica Horizont para tomar mensualmente desde 1976 fotografías de objeto cercano del glaciar Triglav, en Eslovenia, que está retrocediendo rápidamente. La desfavorable geometría de las imágenes convergentes obtenidas desde las dos estaciones de cámara dificulta cualquier medida y análisis estereoscópico. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar el método más adecuado para obtener datos tridimensionales a partir de estas imágenes panorámicas convergentes. Se calibró la cámara Horizont y se probaron tres métodos: obtención de pseudoortofotografías, aplicación de clinometría bidimensional y la orientación interactiva de un MDE sobre las imágenes. El tercer método demostró ser el único viable para identificar el borde del glaciar Triglav.
La orientación interactiva del MDE sobre las imágenes Horizont se describe con detalle en el artículo. El borde tridimensional del glaciar se puede obtener a partir de imágenes Horizont (estaciones de cámara A y B), lo que permite calcular la superficie y volumen teórico del glaciar. Repitiendo el cálculo del borde del glaciar utilizando diferentes parámetros de orientación, se calcularon las desviaciones típicas del área y el volumen teórico del glaciar. Dado que se han obtenido resultados más precisos de área y volumen con las imágenes obtenidas por la cámara en la estación B, solamente se han utilizado éstas para estudiar la regresión del glaciar. Cada tercer año entre 1976 y 2005 se utilizaron las imágenes Horizont para calcular los cambios de extensión y volumen del glaciar. Se determinó que el área se ha reducido a un 8% de la extensión anterior, pasando de 15 ha en 1976 a 1,2 ha en 2000. Sin embargo, debido a la severidad de los inviernos desde esa fecha el proceso de disminución del área del glaciar se ha reducido en la década pasada (2000–2009). El volumen teórico del glaciar ha disminuido aproximadamente de forma exponencial desde 1976 a 2005.
When studying the development of different geomorphic processes, floods, glaciers or even cultural heritage through time, one cannot rely only on regular photogrammetrical procedures and metrical ...images. In a majority of cases the only available images are the archive images with unknown parameters of interior orientation showing the object of interest in oblique view. With the help of modern high resolution digital elevation models derived from aerial or terrestrial laser scanning (lidar) or from photogrammetric stereo-images by automatic image-matching techniques even single nonmetric high or low oblique image from the past can be applied in the monoplotting procedure to enable 3D-data extraction of changes through time. The first step of the monoplotting procedure is the orientation of an image in the space by the help of digital elevation model (DEM). When using oblique images tie points between an image and DEM are usually too sparse to enable automatic exterior orientation, still the manual interactive orientation using common features can resolve such shortages. The manual interactive orientation can be very time consuming. Therefore, before the start of the manual interactive orientation one should be certain if one can expect useful results from the chosen image. But how to decide which image has the highest mapping potential before we introduce a certain oblique image in orientation procedure? The test examples presented in this paper enable guidance for the use of monoplotting method for different geoscience applications. The most important factors are the resolution of digital elevation model (the best are the lidar derived ones), the presence of appropriate common features and the incidence angle of the oblique images (low oblique images or almost vertical aerial images are better). First the very oblique example of riverbank erosion on Dragonja river, Slovenija, is presented. Than the test example of September 2010 floods on Ljubljana moor is discussed. Finally, case study from November 2012 floods is presented. During November 2012 floods an initiative was launched to gather as much non-metrical images of floods as possible from casual observers (volunteered image gathering). From all gathered images the guidelines presented before helped to pick out 21% images which were used for monoplotting.
In September 2010, one of the greatest floods in recent decades affected Slovenia, following intense rain between September 16th and 19th. Members of the Anton Melik Geographical Institute of the ...Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts made their first terrestrial oblique imaging of the floods on Ljubljansko Barje (the Ljubljana moor) from Sv. Ana hill over Podpec on the September 20th, 2010. The floods on the Ljubljana moor, Radensko polje and Dobrepolje were later also covered with handheld imaging made from helicopter on September 23rd, 2010. Terrestrial imaging was made in the time of the highest waters and the imaging from helicopter when the floods were retreating. The floods on Ljubljana moor around Podpec are presented. Images made with the Canon PowerShot SX10 IS non-metric camera were used. The camera was calibrated afterwards, but the calibration data could not be used directly due to not knowing the parameters of zoom in the time of imaging.The flooding boundary was measured from the non-metric images with the interactive orientation of image on the DEM. The results of interactive orientation of non-metric images made with the photogrammetrically derived DEM with a cell size of 5 m ? 5 m and LiDAR derived DEM with a cell size ofl m* 1 mare presented. The evaluation of the method for the 3D data acquisition is also made.
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