Causes of Contemporary Migrations STASZEWSKI, Wojciech Szczepan
Journal of Eastern Europe research in business & economics,
2021
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Migrations, permanently inscribed in the history of human development, have been and are determined by a number of factors. This paper, the aim of which is to demonstrate the current causes of ...migrations, sets out to settle the formulated research questions concerning the main contemporary factors of movement of people and to point to conditions which may affect these processes occurring in the future.
Este artigo discute o fenômeno das migrações internacionais no Brasil a partir de uma pers- pectiva sócio-histórica e sua relação com a sociologia no país. Para isso, dividimos o presente ...trabalho em duas grandes partes.Na primeira dela, retornamos à origem da própria história da sociologia no Brasil. Mostramos como o subcampo da sociologia da imigração teve grande importância nos debates nacionais e entre os principais cientistas sociais do século XX, tais como Florestan Fernandes, Eunice Durham, Ruth Cardoso ou Octavio Ianni. Na segunda parte, mostramos como o tema voltou ao primeiro plano do cenário nacional com a emigração de brasileiros para o exterior e com a chegada, nos últimos anos, de imigrantes do sul global. O texto termina apresentando os desafios do subcampo para a sociologia no Brasil na atualidade.
This article focus on the pairing multiple discrimination and immigration, exploring documentation left in political-institutional grounds, academia and people speech. A triple discursive trace is ...documented (institutional, academic, populational). Main results are: 1) greater use of
adjective "multiple" within political-legal literature on discrimination, being more latent within sociological research; 2) the presence of multiple discrimination forms in institutional, academic and general population language (not always explicitly) ; 3) available statistics and surveys
do not record the complexity of a sociological and social-legal phenomenon, requering qualitative materials as well (conversational primary discourses from native or immigrant population, and documentary elaborated discourses from institutions or academia).
The widening of inequalities is among the main consequences of the crises induced by Covid-19: since they often suffer from a condition of structural disadvantage, migrants constitute an interesting ...case to analyse the pandemic's impact. Starting from these premises, this article focuses on the Italian experience. Section 1 provides an overview of the pandemic consequences on migrants, as described by the reports provided by international bodies and civil society organizations. Section 2 focuses on migrants' occupational and economic condition in Italy before the outbreak of the pandemic and illustrates how the working inclusion model has been generating an ethno-stratification of the society. What is more, this model is paradoxically fed and «legitimized» by the pro-migrants' discourse, which – in an attempt to reassure public opinion – insists on the advantage of disposing a hyper-adaptable workforce. Section 3 illustrates the impact of the health crises and focuses the attention on two sectors – domestic work and agriculture – which are strategic for the daily survival of the society and rely on a significant presence of foreign workers. The concluding section underlines that immigration, since it «intercepts» the decline of the main cornerstones on which European democracies have been founded, permits to grasp some of the main challenges for social cohesion, economic competitiveness, and sustainability in the post-pandemic scenario. Among them, it is worth mentioning the need to metabolize Italy's transformation into a multi-ethnic society and to overcome the characters of the migrants' inclusion model.
The life stories of immigrants in Chile speak of the very diverse factors related to the motivations of emigration, the adaptation process at destination, job placement, the ways to face prejudice ...and how they project their future. From a comprehensive perspective, this qualitative study rescues the life stories of immigrants in Chile. The longing to get out of the poor condition of life in the place of origin is the common denominator. In the migration experience the importance of forming support networks stands out, made up mainly of family or friends, and that facilitate not only the transfer from the territory of origin but also the adaptation in Chile. Despite the difficulties, typical of all international migratory movement, immigrants in our nation have a positive perception of their adaptation and integration; consider that local society has been understanding the important contribution they make in cultural diversity and progress.
Las historias de vida de los inmigrantes en Chile hablan de los muy diversos factores relacionados con las motivaciones de la emigración, el proceso de adaptación en destino, la inserción laboral, las formas de enfrentar los prejuicios y cómo proyectan su futuro. Desde una mirada comprensiva, este estudio cualitativo rescata las historias de vida de inmigrantes en Chile. El anhelo para salir de la desmejorada condición de vida en el lugar de origen es el común denominador. En la experiencia de la migración, resalta la importancia de la conformación de redes de apoyo, constituidas principalmente por familiares o amigos, y que facilitan no solo el traslado desde el territorio de origen, sino además la adaptación en Chile. A pesar de las dificultades, típicas de todo movimiento migratorio internacional, las personas inmigrantes en nuestra nación tienen una percepción positiva de su adaptación e integración; consideran que la sociedad local ha ido entendiendo el importante aporte que entregan en diversidad cultural y progreso.
L’arte contemporanea che volge la propria attenzione a indagare la situazione geopolitica del mondo attuale lavora da tempo sui confini visibili e invisibili che separano persone, società e culture. ...La produzione sul tema della reificazione dei confini transnazionali attraverso barriere fisiche (quali i muri) o naturali (quali il mare) è ormai vastissima sia per quantità di lavori prodotti, sia per eterogeneità di forme in cui si esprime. Per la gravità delle conseguenze della loro gestione sulle persone che cercano di attraversarli e per la portata dei discorsi che, inizialmente locali, si rivelano poi potenzialmente universali, due aree rappresentano casi emblematici: il confine tra Messico e Stati Uniti e il bacino del Mediterraneo. L’arte contemporanea si concentra anch’essa su queste aree, con contributi che spesso risuonano con quelli di altre discipline (antropologia, border studies). Facendo riferimento ad alcune opere tra quelle ivi realizzate negli ultimi vent’anni, si individueranno alcune ricorrenze nei discorsi promossi (denuncia delle situazioni contingenti, critica al colonialismo foriero delle discriminazioni attuali, analogie che connettono gli esseri umani al di là della loro variabilità culturale), giungendo a individuare il denominatore comune finale di questi lavori nella volontà di mettere in discussione e abbattere non solo i muri, ma anche i confini, visti come residui di modalità coloniali di relazione tra gli esseri umani ormai non più accettabili.
In this work, we examine the situation of international migrations, highlighting the different psychological and social dimensions of this complex phenomenon. From a positive view of the people who ...emigrate (enterprising, proactive, etc.), we describe some contextual and personal factors that place these people at psychosocial risk. For each of these factors, we propose a number of intervention strategies from the psychological theories.
Habitual statements in academic and journalistic fields on the growing inequality of our cities call for multiple reflections. There are numerous indicators of inequality, and territorial ...specificities give rise to important and subtle differences. What is less debatable is the spatial expansion of inequality (from more outlying, poorer countries to the most developed ones) and its generalization on all scales (from rural to urban areas, and from large metropolises to small cities). Mobility and housing lie at the root of many of these processes, which are represented by phenomena that are often interconnected, such as gentrification and the elite social classes; impoverishment and immigrants in search of work; and segregation and refugees; among many others. In this book, we try to offer a Spanish-based vision of what we call urban geographies in transition—that is, urban geographies in which the key stages, for the purpose of analysis, are the real estate bubble (1996–2007), the subsequent crisis (2008–2013), and the ensuing recovery (2014–2020), without overlooking the impact of the current COVID-19 crisis on the configuration of a new spatial order in cities.
Se presentan los resultados de una investigación sobre la cobertura mediática de la reciente e intensa migración venezolana con destino a Colombia, como principal país de acogida. El objetivo del ...estudio es analizar el proceso de construcción de la agenda informativa y los encuadres mediáticos (news framing) predominantes, durante los últimos años, por parte de dos periódicos colombianos de referencia en su versión digital. El diseño metodológico se basa en el análisis de contenido de los textos, sistematizados por medio del software NVivo 12, para lo cual se construye un instrumento de análisis de los textos, los recursos y las fotografías verificado por un panel de expertos internacionales que fueron consultados en dos fases. El muestreo se basa en la técnica de semana construida. Se recopilan 138 contenidos informativos de los dos cibermedios, sistematizados con la aplicación NCapture y categorizados según el instrumento de análisis aprobado por expertos. Se presentan resultados sobre la calidad informativa de los contenidos recopilados, sobre la tematización y encuadres informativos predominantes y sobre las fotografías utilizadas. Se destaca que el 73,2% de los contenidos son originales, que el 40,6% cita una sola fuente y que la principal fuente es un portavoz oficial. Se identifica que predomina una valoración negativa de la inmigración. Los encuadres predominantes centran su atención en aspectos como trámites y atención a los migrantes, declaraciones políticas y situación administrativa irregular. El 98,9% de los contenidos recopilados cuentan con fotografías, en las que predomina una representación negativa de la situación o en las que esta circunstancia es la protagonista de la imagen.
The smartphone has become one of the main tenets of contemporary spatial as well as digital migration routes that are increasingly determined by technologies, platforms and networks. Such routes have ...become increasingly dangerous and uncertain, which testifies of structural criminalisation and control of people on the move, but also raises important questions about autonomy and agency of individuals as a response to restrictive migration and border policies. The monograph explores such transformations by focussing on the movement of refugees across the borders of nation-states through a rethinking of the notion of vulnerability (especially of women and children), the examination of perceptions of refugees and migrants by the public and a reflection of the notions of climate change and climate refugees that all challenge the main classificatory mechanisms constructing more or less “legitimate” groups of migrants. In this vein, the authors argue for more solidarity throughout the movement of individuals through the “gates” and “violent borders” of contemporary nation-states.
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