Cette thèse se concentre sur deux groupes bien particuliers de propositions subordonnées dont, à l'heure actuelle, les définitions sont loin de faire consensus parmi les linguistes : les propositions ...interrogatives et exclamatives indirectes. L’étude syntaxique et textométrique effectuée dans le cadre de cette recherche part d'un vaste ensemble d’interrogatives et d’exclamatives indirectes, prélevées de manière exhaustive au sein d'un corpus de 68 pièces du théâtre français moderne s’étalant de 1775 à 1914. Les résultats de cette recherche, largement facilitée par les apports d’outils technologiques nouveaux et variés sont présentés dans ce travail. Les deux piliers substantiels de ces structures sont étudiés de manière circonstanciée : il s’agit des verbes et des outils qui les introduisent. Afin de mener à bien cette recherche, une banque de données, appelée Theatre68 a été constituée. Elle regroupe l'ensemble des attestations des séquences interrogatives (appelées SIC) et exclamatives complexes (appelées SEC) du corpus étudié. Cette banque est accessible sur le CD-Rom qui accompagne la thèse. Des cas d’ambiguïté syntaxique (relatives sans antécédent/interrogatives indirectes) et d’ambivalence sémantique (interrogative /exclamative) sont étudiés et commentés. Enfin, l’étude s’élargit vers des constructions particulières qui peuvent servir de supports aux structures exclamatives vu leur force expressive et le degré de figement qu’elles semblent avoir atteint.
This thesis concentrates on two particular groups of subordinate clauses: the indirect interrogative and exclamative clauses, the definitions of which, at the moment, are far from reaching a consensus among the linguists. The syntactic and textometrical study conducted for this thesis is based on a vast set of indirect interrogative and exclamative clauses, extracted from a collection of 68 theatrical plays of the modern French theater, from 1775 to 1914. The results of this research have been greatly facilitated by the contribution of new and varied technological tools (in particular the Lexico5 software). Both substantial pillars of these structures are thoroughly examined, mainly taking into account the introductive verbs and the linking words. To bring this research to a successful conclusion, a data bank, called Theatre68, was constituted. It includes all the examples of indirect interrogative and exclamative clauses and it is available on the CD-ROM attached to this thesis. Cases of syntactic ambiguity (relative/interrogative clauses) and semantic ambivalence (interrogative /exclamatory) are studied and commented upon. The study spreads upon particular constructions which can be used as supports to the exclamative structures considering their expressivity and the semi-fixed form which they seem to have reached.
Cette thèse, consacrée à l’expression de l’interdiction en russe moderne, étudie les différents types d’énoncés prohibitifs. L’acte de langage d’interdiction correspond à un énoncé performatif et ...contraignant incitant au non-accomplissement d’une action perçue comme indésirable par le locuteur. Cet énoncé crée, pour l’allocutaire, une obligation qui jusque-là n’existait pas. L’expression de l’interdiction se fait à différents niveaux de communication et par des moyens linguistiques de natures diverses : pragmatique, syntaxique ou lexicale. Outre les énoncés performatifs, l’interdiction peut être exprimée par des énoncés comportant une valeur illocutoire d’interdiction, y compris par des actes de langage indirects.Si les types d’énoncés prohibitifs sont nombreux, ils ne sont pas interchangeables. D’une part, ils ne peuvent être employés indifféremment dans n’importe quel contexte et ils relèvent de niveaux de langues différents. D’autre part, les disparités existant dans la force illocutoire des différents énoncés prohibitifs ont été mises en évidence. La force illocutoire d’un énoncé prohibitif résulte du choix du type d’énoncé retenu, mais aussi des moyens linguistiques qui peuvent être employés pour le moduler.Cette étude a permis d’établir une typologie des énoncés prohibitifs. Ces énoncés peuvent se répartir en trois catégories : les énoncés qui signifient l’interdiction par exception, les énoncés habituellement prohibitifs et les énoncés invariablement prohibitifs.S’y ajoute la question de l’évolution de la langue, notamment par un effet de contamination des langues européennes. Cette évolution se traduit par le recours moins fréquent aux tournures les plus catégoriques, ainsi que par l’introduction de formules de politesse de plus en plus fréquentes.
This thesis is dedicated to prohibitive commands in modern Russian and studies the various speech strategies expressing negative commands. Prohibitive speech acts correspond to compulsory and performative utterances urging the non-accomplishment of an action perceived as undesirable by the speaker. Due to this utterance, the addressee has no other option than compliance, which was not the case before.Prohibitive commands are expressed at various communication levels and by a wide range of linguistic means: pragmatic, syntactic or lexical.Besides performative utterances, prohibition can be expressed by utterances with a prohibitive illocutionary force, including indirect speech acts. Although negative commands can be expressed by various strategies, they are not interchangeable. On the one hand, any negative command cannot be used in all contexts and in addition, the registers are different.On the other hand, the disparities in the illocutionary force of command of the various prohibitive strategies could be established. The illocutionary force of a prohibitive command both results from the selected linguistic strategy, but also from the means of modulation that can be used.This study enabled us to establish a typology of negative commands. The latter can be displayed in three categories: utterances whose prohibitive meaning occurs exceptionally, usually prohibitive utterances and invariably prohibitive utterances. Furthermore, the evolution of the Russian language has to be taken into account, among others by a contamination effect from European languages. This evolution leads to a less frequent resort to the strongest prohibitive commands, as well as to the increasing use of politeness strategies.
The present paper offers further independent evidence for the functional projection INT(errogative) in the left periphery of the sentence (Rizzi 2001) that is needed for an adequate analysis of ...interrogative clauses in Catalan and Occitan Pyrenees dialects. Since they show a particle se preceding a wh phrase as an instance of the so called “doubly filled complementizer”, according to the central hypothesis of this paper, the INT head is required in order to properly accommodate this element.
In the spirit of Ferdinand de Saussure, the present contribution is offered as an integrated synchronic and diachronic analysis of syntactic variation phenomena across a selected number of Veneto and ...other Northern Italian dialects: the main focus of the study will be on (unembedded) interrogative clauses. The goal targeted is to account for the wide range of structural options allowed by contemporary dialects (VS/SV/SVS) in the light of the discrepant evolutionary stages they embody and reflect, as independently reconstructed and singled out in the history of the Venetian dialect. Seemingly idiosyncratic contemporary inter-dialectal variation phenomena are thus viewed as functions of the different parametric values dialects activate in dependence on the position they occupy in an evolutionary continuum which promotes the elimination of an anciently fully productive inverted pattern VS (along with the syntactic rule V-to-C which possibly underlies its generation).
Following recent studies (see for instance Poletto 2000) on the higher functional field, in this paper I aim to give a contribution to the cartography of the CP projection, by examining the behaviour ...of subject and object clitics in the Northern Italian dialect of Carmignano di Brenta, in comparison with the nearby dialect spoken in Padua. I will examine the characteristics and restrictions of two particular patterns found in main interrogatives in Carmignano, more specifically the co-occurrence of proclitic and enclitic subject and object clitics in yes-no and wh-interrogatives: I will label these structures “Two-Subject-Clitics” (= 2-Scl) and “Two-Object-Clitics” (= 2-Ocl), respectively. I will also support a structural analysis of 2-Scl and 2-Ocl. The analysis of microvariation and the comparison with Paduan will permit us to refine the generalisations formulated on the observations of the data of Carmignano and to establish implicational scales. Moreover, once we deal with very subtle variation which brings forth new data and phenomena, we can further enrich theoretical proposals that are already very accurate.
This article examines a difficult passage from the Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage 1115, 150). Near the end of the story, the official relates the good deeds which will be performed on ...behalf of the divine snake if he allows the official to return home. The snake’s enigmatic response has provoked a variety of interpretations. It may be possible to resolve the questions surrounding this section of the tale by understanding the passage as a rhetorical question used by the snake to trump the official.
Concealed question noun phrases headed by the definite article have been analysed as contributing the intension of the noun phrase –an individual concept– as semantic argument of the verb. Concealed ...questions with quantifiers challenge this analysis. Several empirical observations will be presented and an analysis will be sketched that treats this quantification as external to the concealed question itself, making it parallel to quantificational adverbs with interrogative clauses and plural individuals. This way, the basic individual concept analysis is maintained.
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