Background and Aim: Dog rose (Rosa canina L.) is a valuable deciduous shrub, which has long been used for food and medicinal purposes in various parts of the world. This study was laid out for the ...quantitative determination of the flavonoid components such as kampferol and quercetin, total phenol content and antioxidant capacity in petals and the fruit of the dog rose (Rosa canina L.) ecotype collected in Lorestan province. Materials and Methods: Petals and fruit samples of wild dog rose were harvested in June and September 2014 respectively. The samples were kept in cold box during their transportation to laboratory. Subsequently, the pericarp and seeds were separated and dried at room temperature. The antioxidant capacities of petals and fruits were determined using DPPH method. The flavonoid components, including kampferol and quercetin, were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total phenol and flavonoids were measured using a spectrophotometric device. The results indicate that the amount of total phenol in petals (1957 mg.ml-1) was higher than that of fruits (937 mg.ml-1). The amount of total flavonoid in dog rose petals and fruits were 776 and 450 mg.ml-1 respectively. Results: The antioxidant capacity of dog rose was measured and found to be 9.6% in fruits and 66.7% in petals. However, the fruits contained 141 µg.g-1 of kampferol and petals contained 108 µg.g-1. The measured quercetin in petals (127µg.g-1) was higher than that of fruits (66µg.g-1). In this study, a direct relation was observed between the total phenol and flavonoid contents with antioxidant capacity. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that there are high amounts of total phenol and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity and also kampferol and quercetin in petals and fruits of dog rose grown in Lorestan. These results indicated the significance of dog rose in dietary and medical purposes.
The results of the HPLC analysis indicated that marigold flowers extract contain nine different active compounds, including Vitexin 11.40%, Rutin 12.29%, Quercetin-3-3galactosid 12.64%, ...Luteolin-7-glucose9.27%, Quercetin-3-glucoside 7.38%, Quercitrin 9.83%, Myricetin 10%, Luteolin 10.72%, Apigenin 7.08% and kampferol 9.37 %. The results of a clinical study showed the effect of marigold flowers extract cream as an antioxidant which protected the skin in particular from oxidative damage after sunburn and reduced the symptoms of skin aging. This effect was evident in both concentrations 10% and 15% when compared with control. Control response rate, 10% of marigold flowers cream and 15% of flowers extract cream were reached to 76%, 85% and 92% within two weeks of treatment respectively. The Conclusion of this study showed the importance of marigold flowers extract as a source of bioactive compounds such as rutin and quercetin derivatives, vitexin, luteoline, apigenin and kampferol which act as an antioxidant to restore skin health and aging resistance. This study approved that marigold flowers extract characteristics can make it the main ingredients in the preparation of topical agents for the treatment of various skin desases.
Cholesterol inhibitory activity was investigated to develop the functional food from edible forest resources such as Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum and other 12 species. Among tested samples by ...enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), leaf extracts of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum inhibited 73.9% of the activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) which is the highly regulated and major rate-limiting of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Moreover, those extracts inhibited 76.7% of squalene synthase which catalyzes the head-to-head condensation of two farnesyl pyrophosphate molecules to form squalene in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. In order to find out the compounds which would play a key role in inhibitory activity of cholesterol, kaempferol and quercetin were isolated from the dichloromethane soluble fraction of extracts of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum. Kampferol, quercetin and each soluble fraction was also subjected to the test of the mRNA expression of HMG-CoA reductase and squalene synthase by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, respectively. By treating both enzymes with 10 ㎍/㎖ of kaempferol and quercetin for 24 hours, respectively, the mRNA expression was not observed, suggesting that both compounds inhibited the biosynthesis of cholesterol at mRNA level. In this regard, it could be inferred that cholesterol inhibitory activity of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum was derived from kaempferol and quercetin. Both compounds have already been found in many plant extracts including hardwood and softwood, but it might be first known that they have cholesterol inhibitory activity. 식용 임산자원인 산채류를 기능성 식품으로 개발하고자 산마늘을 비롯한 총 13종의 에탄올 조추출물에 대한 콜레스테롤 저하활성을 검정하였다. 즉, 콜레스테롤 생합성 과정 초기에 관여하는 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase(HMG-CoA reductase)와 후기에 관여하는 squalene synthase의 효소 활성을 조사한 결과 산마늘 잎 에탄올 추출물이 두 효소의 활성을 공히 70% 이상 저해하여 활성이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 이러한 콜레스테롤 저하활성과 관련이 있는 물질을 탐색하고자 산마늘로부터 물질 단리를 시도하여 디클로로메탄 가용부로부터 kaempferol과 quercetin을 단리하였다. 또한 유전자 레벨에서의 콜레스테롤 저하 활성을 조사하기 위해 단리물질과 분획물을 C100세포(햄스터 유래 HMG-CoA reductase 고발현 세포주)에 각각 5 ㎍/㎖과 10 ㎍/㎖로 24시간 처리하여 HMG-CoA reductase와 squalene synthase의 mRNA 발현 정도를 조사하였다. 그 결과 10 ㎍/㎖로 kaempferol과 quercetin을 처리한 경우 두 효소의 mRNA가 전혀 발현하지 않는 것으로 나타나 유전자 레벨에서의 콜레스테롤 생합성 저해 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과 산마늘 잎 에탄올 추출물은 콜레스테롤 생합성에 관여하는 HMG-CoA reductase와 squalene synthase의 활성을 저해하며 이러한 활성 저해 효과는 kaempferol과 quercetin에 기인하는 것으로 사료되었다. 특히 kaempferol과 quercetin은 여러 식물의 성분으로서 이미 알려진 화합물이지만 콜레스테롤 저하활성이 있는 것으로 밝혀진 것은 이번이 처음으로 금후 이들 물질과 이들 물질을 함유하고 있는 식물 활용에 필요한 자료를 제공하였다고 사료된다.
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