The relief discourse has long treated refugee camp economies and the resulting black markets and commercial consumption as detrimental for the relief process and the refugees. The consumption of ..."luxuries and comforts" is regarded as costly, trivial, unreasonable, and nonessential. However, despite the negative effects and the high costs of consumption, refugees make strenuous efforts to participate in these commercial economies. I analyze refugee commercial consumption at Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya, to argue that, despite its problems, the consumption is important, reasonable, and even essential. Using ethnographic data collected between 2008 and 2011, I suggest that this consumption has tangible benefits beyond the ability to fill relief gaps. It provides a forum whereby refugees can feel "normal" and gain "dignity," and cope with the long wait and the static transience of refugee life. Attaining normalcy and dignity through consumption may even enable structural stability amid the dangerous and volatile conditions of refugee settlements as well as mitigate the long-term effects of relief-induced agonism. Given these benefits, I stress the importance of further research into the complexities of refugee commerce and consumption for policy makers and relief workers. Mazungumzo na maandishi yanayohusu uchumi, biashara, magendo, and ufisadi kati kampi za wakimbizi mara nyingi kujadiliwa hadharani. Inaaminika kwamba mambo na vitimbi vinayoendeshwa katika kampi za wakimbizi vikijulikana huenda yakazorotesha hali na maisha ya wakimbizi. Hata hivyo, ni wazi kwamba maisha ya wakimbizi ni ya ghali na mara nyingi imeonelewa kwamba hawana haki kutamani vitu ama vifaa wasivyohitaji. Hata hivyo ukweli ni kwamba wakimbizi ni wanadamu na wana haki ya kutamani vitu kama watu wengine. Makala hii inaripoti matokeo ya utafiti niliofanya katika kampi ya wakimbizi inayoitwa Kakuma kati Jamhuti ya Kenya mnama miaka 2008 hadi 2011. Utafiti huu umedokeza waziwazi kwamba biashara ya aina nyingi inaendeshwa katika kampi ya wakimbizi. Uchumi huo unaotokana na biashara ya vyakula vya wakimbizi umetia fora. Utafiti huu waonyesha ni wazi kwamba maisha ya wakimbizi hawako tofauti na watu wwa kawaida. Pia hali yao ya kimaisha yanaweza kubadilishwa yakawa mema na yenye heshima wakati wanangojea uamuzi wa makazi yao ya kudumu. Kutokana na utafiti huu, ni wazi kwamba biashara inayoendeshwa katika kampi za wakimbizi yaweza kurekebishwa iwapa wakimbizi pamjoa ma wale wanaosimamia kampi hizi watakubali mambo yalivyo na kujaribu kutafuita suluhisho. El discurso sobre asistencia ha tratado por largo tiempo las economías de los campos de refugiados, los mercados negros resultantes y el consumo comercial como nocivo para el proceso de asistencia y los refugiados. El consumo de "lujos y comodidades" es visto como costoso, trivial, irracional, y no-esencial. Sin embargo, a pesar de los efectos negativos y los altos costos de consumo, los refugiados hacen arduos esfuerzos para participar en estas economías comerciales. Analizo el consumo comercial de refugiados en el Campo de Refugiados Kakuma, Kenia, para argumentar que, a pesar de sus problemas, el consumo es importante, razonable y aún esencia. Usando datos etnográficos recopilados entre el 2008 y 2011, sugiero que este consumo tiene beneficios tangibles más allá de la habilidad de llenar los vacíos de la asistencia. Provee un foro donde los refugiados pueden sentirse "normales" y ganar "dignidad" y hacer frente a la larga espera y la transitoriedad estática de la vida de refugiados. Lograr normalidad y dignidad a través del consumo puede posibilitar una estabilidad estructural en medio de unas condiciones peligrosas y volátiles de los asentamientos de refugiados, así como mitigar los efectos de largo plazo de la asistencia—angustia inducida. Dados estos beneficios, enfatizo la importancia de investigación más extensa en las complejidades del comercio y el consumo de los refugiados para los creadores de política y los trabajadores en asistencia.
The Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) and Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) are the only sea turtles with recorded landings in the Pulau Pinang coastal area. The Green Turtle has been the most ...abundant and widely distributed sea turtle in this area since it was first surveyed in 1995. Statistical analysis by the Pulau Pinang Department of Fisheries on the distribution of sea turtles from 2001 through 2009 has identified Pantai Kerachut and Telok Kampi as the most strongly preferred beaches for Green Turtle landings, with records for almost every month in every year. Green Turtle tracks and nests have also been found along the coast of Pulau Pinang at Batu Ferringhi, Tanjong Bungah, Pantai Medan, Pantai Belanda, Telok Kumbar, Gertak Sanggul, Moonlight Beach, Telok Duyung, Telok Aling, Telok Bahang and Telok Katapang. The Olive Ridley Turtle is present in smaller numbers; landing and nesting have only been recorded on a few beaches. There are no previous records of Olive Ridley landings at Pantai Kerachut and Telok Kampi, but tracks and nests have been found at Telok Kumbar, Tanjong Bungah, Pantai Medan, Telok Duyung and Gertak Sanggul. A Turtle Conservation Centre has been established at Pantai Kerachut to protect these species from extinction in Pulau Pinang. This paper presents details of the records and distribution of sea turtles in Pulau Pinang from 1995 through 2009.
Çeşitli nedenlere bağlı olarak dünyanın birçok yerinde iç mülteci durumunda olan çok sayıda kişi bulunmaktadır. Kuzey Suriye’de iç mülteciler ve barınak arayışı içinde olan birçok kişi tarafından ...geleneksel kerpiç ev mimari tarzı yeniden canlandırılmaya başlamıştır. Gerek bireysel çabalar gerekse kurum ve kuruluşlar kanalıyla konut üretiminde kerpiç malzeme tekrar kullanılmıştır. İç mültecilerin barınma ihtiyacını önemli ölçüde karşılayan plansız ya da planlı gelişen kamp alanlarında çeşitli sorunlar yaşanmaktadır. Tasarım ve uygulama aşamasında bulunan kişilerin geleneksel kerpiç mimarisi ile ilgili yeterli düzeyde bilgi birikiminin olmaması, konum, iklim ve topoğrafik özelliklerin göz ardı edilmesi, kamu hizmetleri ve altyapı eksiklikleri projelerin tam anlamıyla başarılı olmadığını göstermiştir. Çalışmada, iç mültecilerin barınma gereksinimlerini karşılayan ev topluluğu modelinin geliştirilmesi ve sorunlara ilişkin çözüm önerilerinin üretilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, kuzey Suriye’de geleneksel kerpiç evlere dönüş olgusu ele alınarak, kerpiç malzeme kullanımının devamlılığı değerlendirilmiştir. İç mülteciler için planlanan kerpiç ev topluluklarının yaşayacak kişilerin ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda tasarlanarak, erişilebilir ve sürdürülebilir olması büyük önem taşımaktadır.
The Second World War Children İlhan KARASUBAŞI
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi,
01/2017, Letnik:
55, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
The children who are considered the insurance of our future in many parts of the world suffer from violence and cannot directly act in the formation of their future. But those nations which guarantee ...a solid future for the children are aware that their country will occupy an important position in the future. Between millions of people who died during the II. World War millions of children who died, unfortunately, did never have the chance to be part in the creation of the future, and those who managed to survive, due to the heavy trauma that passed through, did never have a real future. The problems of the children whose names and proper identities were taken away and to whom forced identities were given, after many years showed that these problems thought be be surmounted came afloat in their minds as memory and the violence to which they assisted hinded them to conduct a “normal” life.
The trial of a 93-year-old man who was found to have served in the Auschwitz concentration camp in Germany has begun. He is charged with 300,000 counts of participating in murder.
Almanya'da ...Auschwitz toplama kampında görev yaptığı belirlenen 93 yaşındaki bir kişinin yargılanmasına başlandı. Zanlı, 300 bin kere cinayete iştirakten yargılanıyor.
Almanya'nın doğusunda bulunan Saksonya Anhalt eyaletindeki 2 bin 800 nüfuslu Tröglitz kasabasında cumayı cumartesiye bağlayan gece yanan inşaat halindeki mülteci yurduyla ilgili soruşturma sürüyor.
...An investigation is underway into a refugee dormitory under construction in the town of Tröglitz, a town of 2,800 people in the eastern German state of Saxony Anhalt, which burned down overnight Friday through Saturday.
Bazen tek bir kelime her şeyi anlatmaya yetiyor. Tıpkı Auschwitz gibi... Yahudi Soykırımı hakkında konuşmak mümkün olsa da, Almanların geçmişiyle yüzleşmesi epey zaman aldı.
Sometimes one word is ...enough to tell you everything. Just like Auschwitz... While it was possible to talk about the Holocaust, it took a long time for the Germans to come to terms with their past.
Her gün binlerce Suriyeli mülteciyi kabul eden Ürdün'deki Zahteri Mülteci Kampındaki durum, şiddetli yağışlar ve dondurucu soğuk nedeniyle dramatik bir boyut aldı.
The situation at the Zahteri ...Refugee Camp in Jordan, which accepts thousands of Syrian refugees every day, has taken on a dramatic scale due to heavy rains and freezing temperatures.
