Not only males but also females compete over reproduction. In a population of free-living house mice (Mus musculus domesticus), we analyzed how (metabolic) costs of aggressive interactions (reflected ...in fresh wounds and long-term corticosterone concentrations in hair) are predicted by individual reproductive physiology and reproductive success in males and females. Over eight years, we studied wounds and reproduction of more than 2800 adults under naturally varying environmental conditions and analyzed steroid hormones from more than 1000 hair samples. Hair corticosterone were higher and wounds more frequent in males than females. In males, wound occurrence increased with increasing breeding activity in the population, without affecting hair corticosterone levels. Unexpectedly, individual male reproductive success did not predict wounds, while hair corticosterone increased with increasing levels of hair testosterone and reproductive success. High corticosterone in hair of males might therefore reflect metabolic costs of fighting over reproduction. In females, hair corticosterone was generally lower than in males and high levels did not impede pregnancy. Reproductive investment (reflected in hair progesterone) was dissociated from reproductive success. Occasional wounds in females indicated individuals without recent reproductive success and revealed reproductive competition, presumably driven by instability in the social environment. In both sexes, corticosterone increased with age, but there was no evidence that received overt aggression, as indicated by wounds or elevated corticosterone, suppressed reproductive physiology. Our results diverge from laboratory findings and emphasize the need to also study animals in their natural environment in order to understand the complexity of their behavioral physiology.
•Hair corticosterone in males increases with testosterone and more offspring.•Hair corticosterone in females is unrelated to reproductive success.•Wounds in males do not reflect reproductive success.•Wounds in females indicate individuals without recent reproductive success.•Our study in a natural environment reveals the complexity of behavioral physiology.
Evidence supports the role of exercise training and probiotics on reducing obesity. Considering the relationship between obesity and high-fat diet with anxiety indices, the aim of this study was to ...assess the effect of probiotic supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on anxiety-like behaviors, corticosterone and obesity indices in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mice. Thirty male adult C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups: (1) Control with normal diet (CON), (2) High-fat diet (HFD), (3) HFD + exercise training (HT), (4) HFD + probiotics supplement (HP) and (5) HFD + exercise training +probiotics (HTP). Exercise training consisted of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs. Probiotics supplement included 0.2 mL Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Anxiety-like behaviors were measured by open field (OF) and Elevated plus maze (EPM). OF and EPM tests, visceral fat mass (VFM) measurement, and blood sampling for corticosterone were performed after the intervention. Bodyweight was measured at different stages during the intervention. HFD regime in C57BL/6 mice increased bodyweight, VFM, and serum corticosterone levels and anxiety-like behaviors (p < 0.05). HIIT, probiotic and their combination, decreased bodyweight, VFM, and serum corticosterone levels and improved anxiety-like behavior in the HFD mice (p < 0.05). The effect of a combination of HIIT and probiotic on most of the anxiety indices was more than each one separately (p < 0.5). HIIT and probiotic supplements separately or above all in combination, may have beneficial effects in reducing obesity and anxiety indices.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stocking density on the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H:L), blood corticosterone concentration, immune response, and some performance ...parameters in broilers during summer. In all, 300 1-dayold commercial broiler chicks (Ross 308) were housed at densities of 15, 20, and 25 birds/m2, with 2 replicates of each. H:L ratio and blood corticosterone concentration were used to measure the level of stress in the birds. Newcastle disease (ND) antibody titers were also analyzed to determine the level of immune response with a commercial ELISA kit. Mean H:L ratio, corticosterone concentration, and Newcastle disease antibody titer (log10) on day 42 were 0.41, 0.43, and 0.45, 3.81, 4.13, and 4.39 ng/ml, 3.99, 4.10, and 3.88, respectively, for birds housed at 15, 20, and 25 birds/m2. Stocking density had no significant effect on H:L ratio, blood corticosterone concentration, immune response, and some performance parameters in broiler chickens. Consequently, high yield per unit area could be achieved with different stocking densities (15, 20, and 25 birds/m2) in broiler production during summer.
Bu çalışmanın amacı yaz mevsiminde broylerlerde yerleşim sıklığının heterofil/lenfosit oranı (H:L), kan kortikosteron düzeyi, bağışık yanıt oluşumu ve bazı performans parametreleri üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesidir. Bir günlük yaştaki toplam 300 ticari broyler civcivi (Ross-308) hayvan yoğunluğu 15, 20 ve 25 broyler/m2 olacak şekilde üç ayrı gruba ayrılmış ve çalışma iki tekrar şeklinde düzenlenmiştir. H:L oranı ve kan kortikosteron yoğunluğu hayvanlardaki stresin düzeyini ölçmede kullanılmıştır. Hayvanlarda oluşan bağışık yanıtın düzeyi ise Newcastle antikor düzeyinin ELISA kiti ile ölçülmesiyle saptanmıştır. Kırkikinci gün ortalama H:L oranları, kortikosteron yoğunlukları ve antikor titreleri (log10) 15, 20 ve 25 broyler/m2 için sırasıyla 0.41, 0.43 ve 0.45; 3.81, 4.13 ve 4.39 ng/ml; 3.99, 4.10 ve 3.88 olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın bulguları yaz mevsiminde yerleşim sıklığının H:L, kan kortikosteron, bağışık yanıt oluşumu ile bazı performans parametreleri üzerine istatistiksel olarak önemli etkileri olmadığını göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, broyler yetiştiriciliğinde değişik yerleşim sıklıkları (15, 20 ve 25 broyler/m2) ile yaz mevsiminde birim alandan yüksek miktarda ürün alınabilir.
Chronic stress induces changes in the neuroendocrine and neuronal system, including elevation of catecholamines and corticosterone (CORT) levels, and could be an important factor in initial ...depression. Antidepressants affect monoaminergic neurotransmission and modulate central neuropeptides involved in the coordination of stress response and the control of HPA axis activity. We studied the effects of chronic treatment with fluxilan, a selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, in unstressed controls and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats, on behaviour and plasma noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). CUMS did not affect plasma NA, A and ACTH, but elevated plasma CORT content. Plasma concentration of catecholamines after fluxilan administration was significantly increased in control and CUMS group. On the other hand, fluxilan expressed no effect on plasma ACTH and CORT concentrations in control animals, but decreased ACTH and CORT levels in CUMS animals. Behaviourally, fluxilan treated animals displayed enhanced anxiety. The results demonstrate that the anxiogenic effects of chronic fluxilan administration are similar to those reported by many other studies. The findings described here suggest that elevated plasma catecholamines may contribute to an adverse effect of this drug on cardiovascular parameters during antidepressant therapy.
Hroničan stres indukuje promene u neuroendokrinom i nervnom sistemu, dovodeći do povećanja nivoa kateholamina i kortikosterona, i može biti važan faktor u nastanku depresije. Antidepresivi utiču na monoaminergičku neurotransmisiju i modulišu centralne neuropeptide uključene u koordinaciju odgovora na stres i kontrolu aktivnosti HPA ose. Ispitivano je dejstvo hroničnog tretmana fluksilanom, selektivnim inhibitorom ponovnog preuzimanja serotonina, kod nestresiranih kontrola i pacova izloženih hroničnom nepredvidivom blagom stresu (CUMS) na ponašanje i nivo noradrenalina (NA), adrenalina (A), kortikosterona (CORT) i adrenokortikotropnog hormona (ACTH) u plazmi. CUMS nije povećao nivo NA, A i ACTH u plazmi, ali je povećao nivo CORT. Koncentracija kateholamina u plazmi posle tretmana fluksilanom bila je značajno povećana kako kod nestresiranih kontrola tako i kod CUMS pacova. Međutim, fluksilan kod nestresiranih kontrola nije menjao koncentracije ACTH i CORT, ali je kod CUMS životinja smanjio njihovu koncentraciju. Životinje tretirane fluksilanom pokazale su povećanje anksioznosti. Rezultati pokazuju da je anksiozno dejstvo dobijeno hroničnim tretmanom fluksilanom slično rezultatima dobijenim u drugim studijama. Dobijeni podaci ukazuju da povećan nivo kateholamina može pogoršati neželjena dejstva ovog leka na kardiovaskularne parametre tokom terapije antidepresivima.
Pokus je proveden kako bi se istražio utjecaj udjela n6/n3 u hrani na biokemijske pokazatelje i vrijednost kortikosterona u serumu štakora kojima je primjenom streptozotocina uzrokovan dijabetes. ...Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 15 mužjaka štakora Wistar podijeljenih u tri skupine: dvije skupine dijabetičara i kontrolnu skupinu (STZ-N3, STZ-N6, CON). Svaka je skupina hranjena različitim udjelom n3/n6: STZ-N3 udjelom n6/n3 ≈ 1, STZ-N6 udjelom n6/n3 ≈ 60, CON udjelom n6/n3 ≈ 7. U objema pokusnim skupinima utvrđene su znakovito više vrijednosti alkalne fosfataze (AP) i betahidroksimaslačne kiseline (BHB) te niže vrijednosti triglicerida i albumina u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Vrijednosti glukoze (BUN) bile su povišene samo u skupini STZ-N3 u odnosu na kontrolnu (P < 0,05). Vrijednosti ukupnog bilirubina (P < 0,05) i alanine-transferaze (ALT) (P<0,05) bile su više samo u skupini STZ-N6 u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Skupina STZ-N3 imala je nižu vrijednost albumina u odnosu na skupinu STZ-N6 (P < 0,001). Vrijednost kortikosterona nije se znakovito razlikovala među skupinama posredno dokazujući da među njima postoji slična razina stresa. Zaključno, omjer n3/n6 u hrani utjecao je na određene biokemijske pokazatelje u krvi štakora tretiranih streptozotocinom. No omjer n3/ n6, postupak uzorkovanja krvi i baratanje štakorima nisu utjecali na vrijednosti kortikosterona čime je dokazana valjanost animalnog modela sa streptozotocinom uzrokovanom šećernom bolešću u opisanim uvjetima pokusa.
Bu çalışmada, inci kefalinde yumurta bıraktıktan sonra foliküllerin yapısı ve yumurta bırakmadan önce ve yumurta bıraktıktan sonra ovaryum 11 -dehydrocorticosteroit (11-DHC), östradiol-17(3 (E2), ...17oc-hydroxyprogesteron (17a-0H-P) ve progesteron (P) seviyeleri araştırıldı. Ovulasyondan sonra foliküllerin bol damarlı bir teka tabakası ve bol miktarda düz endoplazmik retikulum, tubüler kristali çok sayıda mitokondri ve lipit damlaları içeren büyük granüioza hücreleri ile karakterize edildiği gösterilmiştir. Ovaryum 11-DHC seviyesi yumurta bırakmadan önce ve sonra düşüktür (38,3 ± 4,9-22,3 ± 2,6 ng/ml). E2 seviyesi yumurta bırakmadan önce 216,8 ± 31,1 ng/ml olarak belirlendi. Bu hormon yumurta bıraktıktan sonra 1. ve 5. günde azaldı ve 10. günde tekrar 216,8 ± 6,7 ng/ml'ye yükseldi. Bununla birlikte, E2 seviyesi 15. günde belirgin olarak düştü (61,5 ± 17,8 ng/ml) (P < 0,01). 17oc-OH-P seviyesi yumurta bırakmadan önce düşüktü (84,5 ± 49,4 ng/ml) ve yumurta bıraktıktan sonra artarak 10. günde en yüksek seviyeye ulaştı (295,7 ± 52,5 ng/ml) fakat 15. günde hafif bir düşüş gözlendi (190 ± 21,5 ng/ml) (P > 0,01). P seviyesi yumurta bırakmadan önce düşüktü (23,4 ± 18,3 ng/ml). Onun seviyesi yumurta bıraktıktan sonra artmaya başladı ve 10. günde maksimum seviyeye ulaştı (200,7 ± 29,1 ng/ml) (P < 0,01) fakat 15. günde belirgin olarak düştü (63,2 ± 19,5 ng/ml) (P < 0,01).
Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar: a) Ovulasyondan sonraki foliküllerde granüioza hücrelerinin steroitsentezlediğini, b) 11-DHC'nin yumurta bırakmadan önce ve sonra etkili olmadığını, c) E2'nin yumurta bırakmayı uyardığını, d) 17a-0H-P ve P'un yumurta bıraktıktan sonra etkili olduğunu gösterir. İnci kefalinde, ovulasyondan sonraki foliküllerde apoptotik hücrelerin, E2 and P'nin yumurta bıraktıktan sonra en düşük seviyede olduğu, 15. günde arttığı sonucu çıkarılabilir.
The structure of postovulatory follicles and the levels of ovarian 11 -dehydrocorticosterone (11 -DHC), estradiol-17(3 (E2), 17oc-hydroxyprogesterone(17a-OH-P), and progesterone (P), before and after spawning, were studied in Chalcalburnus tarichi. It was observed that postovulatory follicles are characterized by a highly vascular thecal layer and hypertrophied granulosa cells containing dense smooth endoplasmic reticulum, many large mitochondria with tubular cristae, and lipid droplets. Ovary 11-DHC level was low in the pre- and post-spawning periods (38.3 ± 4.9-22.3 ± 2.6 ng/ml). The level of E2 was 216.8 ±31.1 ng/ml before
spawning. This hormone declined on the 1st and 5th day after spawning and increased again to the level of 216.8 ± 6.7 ng/ml on the 10th day; however, the E2 level decreased significantly on the 15th day (61.5 ± 17.8 ng/ml) (P < 0.01). The 17oc-OH-P level was low (84.5 ± 49.4 ng/ml) before spawning and reached a peak (295.7 ± 52.5 ng/ml) on the 10th postspawning day, but a slight decline was observed on the 15th day (190 ± 21.5 ng/ml) (P > 0.01). The P level was low (23.4 ± 18.3 ng/ml) before spawning. Its level began to increase after spawning and reached a peak on the 10th postspawning day (200.7 ± 29.1 ng/ml) (P < 0.01), but declined significantly on the 15th day (63.2 ± 19.5 ng/ml) (P < 0.01).
The results obtained from this study indicate that: a) In the postovulatory follicles, the granulosa cells produce steroids; b) 11 -DHC has no effect before or after spawning; c) E2 induces spawning; d) 17a-0H-P and P have an effect after spawning, it can be concluded that the apoptotic cells in postovulatory follicles increased on the 15th day, at which time E2 and P hormones were at their lowest levels after spawning in C. tarichi.
Chalcalburnus tarichfde kortikal alveolar, vitellogenez ve oosit olgunlaşması sırasında, ovaryum folikülünün ince yapısı ve ovaryumdaki 11-dehidrokortikosteron (11-DHC) östradiol-17ß $(E_2)$ , ...α-hidroksiprogesteron (17 $\alpha$ -0HP), ve progesteron (P) seviyeleri incelendi. Kortikal alveolar safha sırasında, genç oosit yüzeyinde mikrovilluslar şekillenmeye başlar ve vitellogenez sırasında, granüloza hücrelerinden şekillenen mikrovilluslar ile zona radiata tabakasındaki kanallar vasıtasıyla bağlantı kurulur. Spesifik teka hücreleri tübüler kristali mitokondri, düz endoplazmik retikulum ve lipit damlaları gibi steroid salgılayan hücrelerin karakteristik yapılarını.içerirken, granüloza hücreleri protein salgılayan hücreler için tipik organelleri içerir (daha fazla granüllü endoplazmik retikulum ve gelişmiş Golgi kompleksi). Bu bulgular, C. tarichîüe, vitellogenez sırasında, spesifik teka hücrelerin steroid sentezleyen merkezler olduğunu göstermektedir.11-DHC ve P seviyeleri diğer hormonlardan daha düşük konsantrasyonlarda ölçüldü. 11-DHC seviyesi kortikal alveolar faz sırasında azalırken (52,60 ± 6,54'den 20,33 ±6,74 ng/ml'ye), vitellogenez sırasında dereceli olarak artarak vitellogenez sonunda en yüksek seviyeye ulaştı (68,90 ± 9,99 ng/ml). Olgunlaşma safhasının başında tekrar bazal seviyeye düştü (22,90 ± 1,87 ng/ml) ve olgunlaşma safhasının sonunda tekrar arttı (54 ± 0,75 ng/ml). E2 seviyesi kortikal alveolar fazda artmaya başladı ve bu artış vitellogenez boyunca da devam etti. Fakat Şubatta küçük bir düşüş görüldü. Bununla birlikte E2 seviyesi vitellogenez sonunda maksimum seviyeye ulaştı (756,10 ± 26,5 ng/ml), olgunlaşma fazında 213,50 ± 25,5 ng/ml'ye düştü ve Mayıs'ta tekrar bir artış görüldü. 17a-0HP seviyesi kortikal alveolar fazın başında 100,10 ± 14,4 ng/ml, fazın sonunda 13,40 ± 1,3 ng/ml'ye düştü. Onun seviyesi vitellogenez sırasında artmaya başladı ve safhanın sonunda maksimum değere ulaştı (213,90 ± 8,14 ng/ml). Olgunlaşma safhasının başında çok belirgin bir düşüş görüldü (68 ± 8,58 ng/ml) ve olgunlaşma sonunda (Mayıs) tekrar arttı. Progesteron seviyesi, kortikal alveolar fazın başında 50,90 ± 2,37 ng/ml ölçüldü ve fazın sonunda 22,80 ± 0,50 ng/ml'ye azaldı. Bu düşük değer vitellogenezin başında korundu fakat vitellogenez sırasında az bir artışla fazın sonunda 50,80 ± 4,03 ng/ml ölçüldü. Bu düşük seviye olgunlaşma fazında da korundu.
Bu bulgular, C. tarichi'de 11-DHC, $E_2$, 17 $\alpha$-OHP ve P'un kortikal alveolar faz sırasında etkili olmadığını, P'un vitellogenezde etkili olmazken E2, 11-DHC ve 17 $\alpha$ -OHP'nin etkili olduğunu ve $E_2$ ve P'nin olgunlaşma sonunda (belki ovulasyonda) etkili olmazken 11-DHC ve 17 $\alpha$ -0HP'nin etkili olduğunu gösterir.
The ultrastructure of the ovarian follicle and the levels of the ovarian 11 -dehydrocorticosterone (11 -DHC), estradiol-17ß ($E_2$), 17 $\alpha$ -hydroxyprogesterone (17 $\alpha$ -0HP), and progesterone (P) were studied during cortical alveoli, vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation in Chalcalburnus tarichi. The microvilli began to form on the oocyte surface during cortical alveoli phase and during vitellogenesis, came into contact in the pore canals of the zona radiata with microvilli formed from granulosa cells. While the special thecal cells posses specific organelles, which are characteristic of steroid-producing cells, namely, mitochondria with tubular cristae, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets, the granulosa cells contain organelles typical for protein-secreting cells. These findings suggest that during vitellogenesis the special thecal cells are the sites of steroid synthesis in the C. tarichi ovary.
The levels of 11-DHC and progesterone were measured at lower concentration than other hormones. While there was a decline in 11-DHC level during cortical alveoli phase (from 52.60 ± 6.54 to 20.33 ± 6.74 ng/ml), during vitellogenesis it increased gradually and reached a peak at the end of vitellogenesis (68.90 ± 9.99 ng/ml). At the beginning of maturation phase, it decreased to baseline level (22.90 ± 1.87 ng/ml) and again increased at the end of the maturation (54 ± 0.75 ng/ml). $E-2$ levels started to increase at cortical alveoli phase and this increase continued during vitellogenesis too. In February, a small decline was noted. However, at the end of vitellogenesis the level of $E_2$ reached its maximum value (756.10 ± 26.5 ng/ml). At the maturation phase (in April) it decreased to 213.50 ± 25.5 ng/ml and again a slight increase was perceived (in May). 17 $\alpha$ -0HP level was 100.10 ± 14.4 ng/ml at the beginning of the cortical alveoli phase and it decreased to 13.40 + 1.3 ng/ml at the end of the phase. It started to increase during vitellogenesis and reached its maximum value at the end of vitellogenesis (213.90 ± 8.14 ng/ml). At the beginning of the maturation phase (in April) an evident decline was noted (68.00 + 8.58 ng/ml). It increased again to 142.20 ± 4.45 ng/ml at the end of maturation (in May). P level was measured to 50.90 ± 2.37 ng/ml at the beginning of the cortical alveoli phase (in August), and it decreased to 22.80 ± 0.50 ng/ml at the end of the phase. This low value was kept at the beginning of vitellogenesis, but during vitellogenesis a small increase was noted and at the end of the phase it was measured as 50.80 ± 4.03 ng/ml. This low level is kept during maturation phase too.
These results suggest that in C. tarichi none of these hormones (11-DHC, $E_2$ , 17 $\alpha$ - OHP and P) is effective during the cortical alveoli phase, $E_2$ , 11-DHC and 17 $\alpha$ - OHP are effective during vitellogenesis while P has no effect and 11-DHC and 17 $\alpha$ - OHP are effective at the end of maturation while $E_2$ and P have no role.