U uvodnim napomenama autor donosi razloge zbog kojih se Crkva, odnosno kršćanska duhovnost koju on u najširem smislu poistovjećuje s kršćanskom kulturom, mora trajno nalaziti u krizi, jer to ...proizlazi iz same naravi Crkve i njezina poslanja. Autor potom donosi kratak prikaz razvoja krize duhovnosti na Zapadu, zaključujući kako je nastupilo vrijeme neopoganstva u obliku kozmičkog panteizma, odnosno ekologije kao nove religije suvremenog zapadnog čovjeka. Neopoganstvo ulazi u zakonodavstvo te postaje prisutno u svim sferama zapadnoga društvenog života. Autor potom navodi i opisuje neke od značajki društva u kojem je iznova zavladalo poganstvo: individualizam, relativizam, ekologizam, moralna i duhovna dezorijentacija, strah od smrti, profit iznad svega itd. U zadnjem dijelu članka autor izlaže odgovore koje su na postojeću krizu ponudili neki teolozi (J. B. Metz i J. Ratzinger) te potom navodi kako u praksi postoje tri odgovora koje kršćanstvo nudi na aktualnu krizu: bijeg, borba, suradnja. Autor potom nudi i četvrti mogući odgovor: obraćenje i povratak Isusu Kristu i jasnoći njegove poruke, odnosno poziv da se u središte kršćanstva i poruke koju ono nudi svijetu iznova stavi Boga.
In the opening remarks, the author outlines the reasons why the Church, that is, Christian spirituality, which he identifies with Christian culture in the broadest sense, must be permanently in crisis, as it stems from the very nature of the Church and her mission. The author then provides a brief account of the development of the crisis of spirituality in the West, concluding that the time of neo-paganism in the form of cosmic pantheism, i.e., ecology as the new religion of modern Western man, has come. Neopaganism has entered legislation and has become present in all spheres of Western social life. The author proceeds to describe some of the features of a society in which paganism reigns again: individualism, relativism, environmentalism, moral and spiritual disorientation, fear of death, profit above all, etc. In the last part of the article, the author presents the answers offered by some theologians to the existing crisis (J. B. Metz and J. Ratzinger) and then argues that in practice there are three answers that Christianity offers to the current crisis: escape, fight, cooperation. The author offers a fourth possible answer: conversion and return to Jesus Christ and the clarity of his message, that is, a call to once again place God at the centre of Christianity and the message it offers to the world.
Tema kršćanskih korijena Europe i njezinog jedinstva bila je vrlo aktualna u vrijeme donošenja Europskog ustava (2004.). Međutim osim iznošenja političkih stavova gotovo da i nije bilo povjesničara u ...rangu engleskog apologeta Christophera Dawsona (1889.-1970.) koji bi stali u obranu kršćanske kulture kao integrativne snage u Euro- pi. Zato je nužno vratiti se Dawsonovim tekstovima u kojima on pro- miče danas rijetko viđeno i proklamirano katoličko viđenje povijesti jedinstva Europe, što će se prikazati u ovome radu. Tezu o integra- tivnoj snazi kršćanske kulture Dawson najjasnije zagovara u knji- zi The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity (1932.) u kojoj je u predvečerje Drugoga svjetskog rata prikazao kako je tek srednjovjekovno kršćanstvo pod Karlom Velikim oblikova- lo Europu i omogućilo joj da postane svjesna same sebe. Za Dawsona religija je nužna sastavnica kulture i bez nje nije moguće razumjeti početke europskog jedinstva, nije moguće razumjeti Europu. Na tu činjenicu valja neprestano podsjećati jer preambula Europskog ustava dokazuje koliko je ona pala u zaborav. Zato Dawson predlaže temeljit studij kršćanske kulture kao put k oživljavanju pamćenja na kršćan- ske korijene Europe.
Tema kršćanskih korijena Europe i njezinog jedinstva bila je vrlo aktualna u vrijeme donošenja Europskog ustava (2004.). Međutim osim iznošenja političkih stavova gotovo da i nije bilo povjesničara u ...rangu engleskog apologeta Christophera Dawsona (1889.-1970.) koji bi stali u obranu kršćanske kulture kao integrativne snage u Euro- pi. Zato je nužno vratiti se Dawsonovim tekstovima u kojima on pro- miče danas rijetko viđeno i proklamirano katoličko viđenje povijesti jedinstva Europe, što će se prikazati u ovome radu. Tezu o integra- tivnoj snazi kršćanske kulture Dawson najjasnije zagovara u knji- zi The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity (1932.) u kojoj je u predvečerje Drugoga svjetskog rata prikazao kako je tek srednjovjekovno kršćanstvo pod Karlom Velikim oblikova- lo Europu i omogućilo joj da postane svjesna same sebe. Za Dawsona religija je nužna sastavnica kulture i bez nje nije moguće razumjeti početke europskog jedinstva, nije moguće razumjeti Europu. Na tu činjenicu valja neprestano podsjećati jer preambula Europskog ustava dokazuje koliko je ona pala u zaborav. Zato Dawson predlaže temeljit studij kršćanske kulture kao put k oživljavanju pamćenja na kršćan- ske korijene Europe.
Provider: - Institution: University of Zagreb. Catholic Faculty of Theology. Department of Moral Theology. - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Dr. Andrija Živković, svestrani intelektualac ...svoga vremena koji se hrabro suočavao s različitim teološkim pitanjima i problemima, vrstan teolog, znanstvenik koji se nije povodio za trenutnim uspjesima, obilježio je svojim interdisciplinarnim načinom promišljanja teološko-crkveni i društveni život u Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od druge polovine 19. do prve polovine 20. stoljeća. Autorica ovim radom želi predstaviti zaokruženu preglednu studiju o Andriji Živkoviću na temelju bogate arhivske građe i koristeći se elementima istraživačke, interpretacijske, sintetičko-kritičke i narativne metode te donosi nove spoznaje o njegovu životu i znanstvenom radu. Znanstveni opus kao i bogati biografski podatci o tom velikanu povijesti moralno-teološke misli u Hrvata ne zaslužuju da ostanu zatvoreni u prostorijama arhivâ, već autorica želi da iziđu na svjetlo dana kako bi obogatili znanstvenu teološku misao. Andrija Živković bio je ne samo izniman znanstvenik svoga vremena nego je djelovao i kao svećenik, promicatelj vjerskog ujedinjenja i kršćanske kulture. Njegovo je djelovanje ostavilo duboke tragove ne samo na Katoličkome bogoslovnom fakultetu u Zagrebu, na kojem je i sam radio kao dugogodišnji profesor i pročelnik Katedre moralne teologije, nego i kod katoličke inteligencije i svećenstva. Da bi sadržaj rada bio što sustavniji, rad je podijeljen na tri poglavlja. U prvom poglavlju prikazuje se život i rad Andrije Živkovića. U drugom poglavlju autorica izborom tema iz fundamentalnog morala prikazuje teološku misao Andrije Živkovića, naglašavajući pritom rukopis Osnovnoga moralnog bogoslovlja iz 1948. godine. U trećem poglavlju autorica s upitnim prizvukom progovara o Andriji Živkoviću kao kritičaru društva ili socijalnom etičaru- Dr. Andrija Živković, a versatile intellectual of his time, who bravely confronted various theological issues and problems; an accomplished theologian, a scientist who did not pursue instant acclaim, who contributed to the interdisciplinary school of thought in theological-ecclesial and social life in Croatia in the period from the second half of the nineteenth century to fi rst half of the twentieth century. The author, through this work, has sought to present a broad synoptic study of Andrija Živković. Thus, on the basis of rich archival material, among which were found several hitherto unknown manuscripts (Osnovno moralno bogoslovljeBasic moral theology, Kršćanske kreposti uopće, a bogoslovske i stožerne napose Christian virtues in general, and theological and cardinal in particular, Friedrich Nietzsche kao protivnik kršćanskog morala Friedrich Nietzsche as an opponent of Cristian morality, Razgovori o vjeri i nevjeri A conversation on faith and disbelief, Razmatranja o etici i moralu Considerations of ethics and morality. Komunistički »moralˮ pred sudom fi lozofi je i znanosti The communist »moralˮ before the court of philosophy and science, and Katolička društvena nauka Catholic social doctrine), and research methods, interpretative, synthetic-critical and narrative methods, fresh insights were gained into his life and scientifi c work. To make the content of this contributed presentation more systematic, this doctoral thesis is divided into three chapters. The fi rst chapter explores the life and work of Dr. Andrija Živković, regarding which based on hitherto unexplored archived materials we have arrived at new and important information on the life of this Catholic theologian. In this chapter of work the author reveals the personality of Andrija Živković, thereby positioning him in the context of his contemporary time period. Thanks to information that has remained recorded in the Personal diary of Professor Živković, we have glimpsed at the society in which he moved as well as the persons he encountered, and we have come to better understand his character traits. Homilije Homilies of Dr. Živković, which also remained among the heritage of archival material, represents a chronicle of a certain period while at the same time revealing his personality and thoughts. It speaks to us on the importance of personal faith in the life of the individual, of maintaining one’s relationship with God, and teaches us what kind of Christian to be in our world. Andrija Živković emphasized the value of church documents and encyclicals to make them more interesting during study, especially when considering one’s fellow priests in caring for their education. His ponderings on Christian culture have Christ as their basis, just as the foundation of European culture should also be. His special contribution to the society of his time is augmented by a rebuttal of the doctrine of ethical culture, which emphasizes man and his mind and construction of morality without God. Through his activities, Živković has spanned a longer time period than the magazine Bogoslovska smotra Theological Review with its multitude of presentations, reviews, sketches and scientifi c articles.
The second chapter of this doctoral thesis examines the theological thinking of Dr. Andrija Živković, regarding which the author states that, despite the immense effort invested by him in theology, he remained „trappedˮ in the framework of traditional theological thinking of the time in which he lived and was active. In his theological thinking Živković was a faithful follower of the Thomistic tradition, while also leaning on the original thinking of other church fathers and moral theologians who were of particular relevance in the time he lived and was active. Since his time was characterized by talk of morals without God, thoughts of the Christian giants (Augustine, Albert the Great, St. Thomas Aquinas, etc.) were entirely side-lined, and the press of the time killed the shame in man, infatuating him with false pride, all of which motivated him to reach for the thinking of great minds from the church tradition. Although he never digressed in his theological thinking from the scholastic tradition, Živković’s quality was in that he was very specifi c regarding moral issues, and sometimes very harsh in his judgements. He was never static in opinions, but developed his approach, which is also obvious from the fact that he never ran out of examples of man’s life, which he often entered as notes in the very body of his works, which also clearly emphasized his pastoral dimension. Živković’s special excellence lay in his close following of the events of his time not only regarding ideological currents among his contemporaries in society in general, but especially the theological currents within the Church. He expanded his thinking, not only referring to authors of his contemporary world’s area of discourse, but several. The main framework of this chapter of the thesis is based on the manuscript of Osnovno moralno bogoslovlje Basic moral theology of 1948, as compared with the printed edition from 1938, and (for the purpose of gaining the most objective insight into Živković’s theological thinking) in some places the author refers to the work Kristov zakon sv. I Christ’s Holy Law I, by Bernhard Hӓring. The author deals with selected topics surrounding fundamental morality, attempting to demonstrate Živoković’s theological thinking as well as changes that he made to the aforementioned manuscript. When compiling the manuscript of Osnovno moralno bogoslovlje Basic moral theology Živković endeavoured to accept all criticisms offered by relevant theologians of his time on the published printed edition of 1938. It is for this reason that his manuscript gives great attention to the development of Croatian terminology. The novelty of that manuscript lies in the fact that the author introduced changes to the content and order of specifi c topics. So in the manuscript, unlike in the book, he positions his presentation on conscience ahead of his presentation about laws, and offers as his reason the fact that conscience is an inner or closer rule of action, and for that reason he fi rstly discusses conscience, and only then delves into laws that are an external or further rule. It is clear that Živković regards conscience as an inner rule of action, so he speaks about it as being God’s messenger in every man, but such an observation of conscience is due to the psychological perspective, which is especially outlined in the 1948 manuscript. Perhaps this kind of insight into conscience could entice us to conclude for a moment that Živković, in a certain sense, anticipated the doctrine of conscience of the Second Vatican Council. But this would be impossible, since the Council convened after Živković’s death. Rather, this is a case of a shift from a casuistic way of „theologising” through „general terms” and a movement toward „observation of man and his existence.” Conscience as an internal messenger is that which testifi es to every man about his actions, both external and especially those inside, it prompts one if an action is performed, but also if it is missed. This is conscience in psychological terms. As judgement, evaluation or knowledge on the moral virtue of each one’s intended or performed act, conscience dictates whether any action is good or not. This is conscience from a moral perspective, and it is the topic of moral theology, as Živković pointed out in his manuscript. Živković probes deeper in the manuscript into the human person, thereby shifting slightly from a purely objective observation and pursuing a more personal observation of what transpires within a man. From such a form of observation of the human person we arrive at the area of virtue, because a virtuous man can correctly judge on certain things in life. In the latter claim is also the most important emphasis in relation to Živković’s progress in the manuscript regarding the book Osnovno moralno bogoslovlje Basic moral theology, the author
