This book offers a comprehensive overview of the intellectual developments in urban conservation. The authors offer unique insights from UNESCO's World Heritage Centre and the book is richly ...illustrated with colour photographs. Examples are drawn from urban heritage sites worldwide from Timbuktu to Liverpool to demonstrate key issues and best practice in urban conservation today. The book offers an invaluable resource for architects, planners, surveyors and engineers worldwide working in heritage conservation, as well as for local authority conservation officers and managers of heritage sites.
Aimed at prospective and new students, this book gives a comprehensive introduction to the nature and practise of landscape architecture, the professional skills required and the latest ...developments.After discussing the history of the profession, the book explains the design process through principles such as hierarchy, human scale, unity, harmony, asymmetry, color, form, and texture. It looks at how design is represented through both drawing and modeling, and through digital techniques such as CAD and the use of GIS (Geographic Information Systems). This is followed by an examination of project management and landscape management techniques. Finally, the book explores educational and employment opportunities and the future of the profession in the context of climate change and sustainability.Illustrated with international examples of completed projects, Landscape Architecture provides an invaluable, one-stop resource for anyone considering studying or a career in this field.
This book explores the relationship between the city of Rome and the Aurelian Wall during the six centuries following its construction in the 270s AD, a period when the city changed and contracted ...almost beyond recognition, as it evolved from imperial capital into the spiritual center of Western Christendom. The Wall became the single most prominent feature in the urban landscape, a dominating presence which came bodily to incarnate the political, legal, administrative, and religious boundaries of urbs Roma, even as it reshaped both the physical contours of the city as a whole and the mental geographies of 'Rome' that prevailed at home and throughout the known world. With the passage of time, the circuit took on a life of its own as the embodiment of Rome's past greatness, a cultural and architectural legacy that dwarfed the quotidian realities of the post-imperial city as much as it shaped them.
The discipline of Landscape Architecture (LA) is currently expanding its disciplinary boundary. The supporting Technology in LA (TLA) is always evolving and optimized to solve environmental problems. ...Considering the uncertain classification of the current LA knowledge for education and the importance of technology in LA education, a refined education framework of LA is needed. This research first established a Network Model of Technology in LA (NMTLA) using Network Analysis (NA) and expert interviews. Then, this research proposed an Education Framework of LA (EFLA) based on the NMTLA. To build the NMTLA, this research identified 23 key categories of TLA through content analysis of secondary research. Then, the expert interview and network theory were used to analyze and visualize the relationships among the categories. By examining the degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality of different TLA, this study developed an EFLA which summarizes the twenty-three categories of TLA into four domains: core techniques, applied technologies, integrated technologies, and specific technologies. This study also proposes a series of suggestions for how to apply different categories of TLA in today’s and future LA education. The proposed NMTLA and EFLA in this research can contribute to the development of future LA higher education. They also can potentially address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in LA education and industry. However, the scope of this study is currently limited to LA education in the USA, which could be expanded to include a worldwide perspective in future research. To enhance the validity of the conclusions, a larger sample size for interviews should be employed in further studies.
The use of agent-based modelling approaches in ex-post and ex-ante evaluations of agricultural policies has been progressively increasing over the last few years. There are now a sufficient number of ...models that it is worth taking stock of the way these models have been developed. Here, we review 20 agricultural agent-based models (ABM) addressing heterogeneous decision-making processes in the context of European agriculture. The goals of this review were to i) develop a framework describing aspects of farmers' decision-making that are relevant from a farm-systems perspective, ii) reveal the current state-of-the-art in representing farmers' decision-making in the European agricultural sector, and iii) provide a critical reflection of underdeveloped research areas and on future opportunities in modelling decision-making. To compare different approaches in modelling farmers' behaviour, we focused on the European agricultural sector, which presents a specific character with its family farms, its single market and the common agricultural policy (CAP). We identified several key properties of farmers' decision-making: the multi-output nature of production; the importance of non-agricultural activities; heterogeneous household and family characteristics; and the need for concurrent short- and long-term decision-making. These properties were then used to define levels and types of decision-making mechanisms to structure a literature review. We find most models are sophisticated in the representation of farm exit and entry decisions, as well as the representation of long-term decisions and the consideration of farming styles or types using farm typologies. Considerably fewer attempts to model farmers' emotions, values, learning, risk and uncertainty or social interactions occur in the different case studies. We conclude that there is considerable scope to improve diversity in representation of decision-making and the integration of social interactions in agricultural agent-based modelling approaches by combining existing modelling approaches and promoting model inter-comparisons. Thus, this review provides a valuable entry point for agent-based modellers, agricultural systems modellers and data driven social scientists for the re-use and sharing of model components, code and data. An intensified dialogue could fertilize more coordinated and purposeful combinations and comparisons of ABM and other modelling approaches as well as better reconciliation of empirical data and theoretical foundations, which ultimately are key to developing improved models of agricultural systems.
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•Agent-based modelling is a suitable tool for improving the understanding of farmers’ behaviour.•Review 20 agricultural ABM addressing heterogeneous decision-making processes in the context of European agriculture.•Considerable scope to improve diversity in representation of decision-making by combining existing modelling approaches.•More coordinated and purposeful combinations of ABM and hybrid modelling approaches are needed.•Results provide an entry point for collaboration of agent-based modellers, agricultural systems modellers and social scientist.
Históricamente, las mujeres han encontrado diversas maneras para redefinir y revalorizar los entornos naturales. Propuestas que han estado caracterizadas por la representación, recalificación o ...resignificación de la naturaleza, trascendiendo a la cuestión de forma, belleza o al puro aprovechamiento visual para enfocarse en una comprensión real y compleja: la necesaria interacción y dependencia que tenemos los seres humanos como especie, con otras especies, y con el ecosistema. Conceptos como la simbología, el bien común, la memoria, la participación, los espacios propios para la creación y el entendimiento, y también para el desarrollo personal y colectivo, hilvanan la primera parte del presente artículo a través de distintas formas de aproximación a la naturaleza, la mayoría de ellas no reconocidas en absoluto por la historiografía de la arquitectura y el paisajismo, que las ha relegado de sus discursos hegemónicos y, por tanto, a una condición periférica. Se trata, sin embargo, de una selección histórica de posiciones políticas a través del paisaje: proyectos pensados desde la experiencia y desde la práctica de mujeres paisajistas, arquitectas, artistas o activistas motivadas por valores integrales y de fondo para un uso igualitario de los espacios naturales. Se propone un segundo apartado que arriba en el caso concreto del diseño del paisaje realizado por mujeres en Cataluña. Una breve antología, con el propósito de reivindicar actuaciones y protagonistas para ser analizadas desde claves comunes con los relatos históricos de la primera parte. La arquitectura del paisaje en Cataluña es actualmente un ámbito consolidado y reconocido profesional y académicamente. Existen estructuras y mecanismos al servicio de su especialización, así como ofertas educativas, observatorios institucionales y organismos internacionales enfocados en el ámbito del paisaje y los retos futuros. De la denominada Escuela de Barcelona y su posterior contexto sociopolítico y académico, surgieron relatos y expresiones arquitectónicas de mujeres egresadas o influenciadas por dicha Escuela que son origen y legado de la práctica y la teoría sobre el paisaje.
Nowadays, territorial spatial planning and landscape architecture face a perplexing paradox: research in these realms often directly adapts the research paradigms and methods from other disciplines, ...gradually losing its connection with planning and design practices. To address this dilemma, this article advocates for the strengthening of holism research by acknowledging the disparity between the demands of holistic decision-making in planning and design practice and the reductionist framework of modern scientific research. It suggests three ways in response to the disparity: enhancing the systematic extraction of practical experiences, strengthening the holistic exploration of system science, and promoting the synthesis of interdisciplinary knowledge. KEYWORDS Territorial Spatial Planning; Landscape Design; Planning and Design Practice; Holism; Reductionism
Published in Association with the German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C.
Hitler's autobahn was more than just the pet project of an infrastructure-friendly dictator. It was supposed to ...revolutionize the transportation sector in Germany, connect the metropoles with the countryside, and encourage motorization. The propaganda machinery of the Third Reich turned the autobahn into a hyped-up icon of the dictatorship. One of the claims was that the roads would reconcile nature and technology. Rather than destroying the environment, they would embellish the landscape. Many historians have taken this claim at face value and concluded that the Nazi regime harbored an inbred love of nature. In this book, the author argues that such conclusions are misleading. Based on rich archival research, the book provides the first scholarly account of the landscape of the autobahn.
This article is about experiences of a cemetery landscape: a physical space that was chosen as a depository for human remains, and where different memorial and disposal practices have developed ...behavioural patterns that together form a cemetery culture. Through qualitative research at St Eskil’s, Eskilstuna, Sweden, encompassing field observations and interviews (N=14) with stakeholders and people from the general public, we aim to describe and discuss the cemetery as a place and environment experienced from a perspective of people of diverse backgrounds. The study reveals important characteristics that facilitate designing, caretaking, developing and using cemeteries more generally. Findings show that most interviewees, independent for example of cultural or religious adherence, describe the cemetery as a beautiful natural or garden-like place. The well-maintained landscape is emphasized as a self-evident or impressive quality. The cemetery is experienced as ‘typically Swedish’ and described in terms of order and sense of care. Diversity in both design and multi-cultural and individual expressions are observed, acknowledged and welcomed. We conclude that nature (including a garden approach), care and diversity are key concepts that should be considered in design and development of future cemeteries.
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