Laryngeal Metathesis in Saraiki Language Atta, Firdos; Syed, Nasir Abbas; Bano, Saira
Journal of communication and cultural trends,
03/2023, Letnik:
5, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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This study presents an analysis of synchronic metathesis in the Saraiki language based on the Optimality Theory (OT) approach. It is limited to the voiced laryngeal fricative (/ɦ/). Only voiced ...phonemes are the targets of /ɦ/ metathesis in Saraiki (resulting in breathy voiced consonants), while voiceless plosives are incompatible with this process. Metathesized and non-metathesized forms both occur in Saraiki. They are realized in informal and formal speech styles, respectively. This study analyses the informal speech style and identifies the reasons behind the movement of the above laryngeal fricative in phonetic optimization.
Abstract
Discussion of the exact phonetic value of the so-called 'laryngeals' in Proto-Indo-European has been ongoing ever since their discovery, and no uniform consensus has yet been reached. This ...paper aims at introducing a new method to determine the quality of the laryngeals that differs substantially from traditional techniques previously applied to this problem, by making use of deep neural networks as part of the larger field of machine learning algorithms. Phonetic environment data serves as the basis for training the networks, enabling the algorithm to determine sound features solely by their immediate phonetic neighbors. It proves possible to assess the phonetic features of the laryngeals computationally and to propose a quantitatively founded interpretation.
Abstract
In this article it will be argued that the Indo-European laryngeals *h2 and *h3, which recently have been identified as uvular fricatives, were in fact uvular stops in Proto-Indo-Anatolian. ...Also in the Proto-Anatolian and Proto-Luwic stages these sounds probably were stops, not fricatives.
Take up your arms Meyer, Isabelle de
Indogermanische Forschungen,
10/2022, Letnik:
127, Številka:
1
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This article investigates the etymology of four Latin lexemes starting with /arm-/: arma, armus, armilla and armenta. It examines whether they are men- or mo-derivatives of the root commonly ...reconstructed as *h₂er- ‘to join’. The combination of an in-depth analysis of 1) the use of armenta in Latin, and ἀραρίσκω and ἁρμόζω in Greek, and 2) similar stems in other IE languages, particularly Vedic īrmá-, Latvian ir̃mi et al., OCS ramo and jarьmъ et al., results in the conclusion that two stems should be differentiated. Armus and the other IE words for ‘shoulder; arm’ point to a second laryngeal and go back to a mo-stem ‘joining, (shoulder) joint’, originally an adjective. Its substantivation process went along with a change in accentuation and ablaut. The middle laryngeal would be the result of a contamination with *pĺ̥h₂-meh₂. The other Latin words and OCS jarьmъ et al. go back to a men-stem ‘the attachment’. The armenta were originally ‘the ones belonging to the attachment (a yoke)’ > ‘the plough animals’. Lastly, it is stated that if ἅρμα was a direct men-derivative of the PIE root, the wheel should be interpreted as ‘the attachment (to the chariot frame)’ rather than ‘the thing joined together’.
Modern eastern Basque dialects have several conservative features, including the maintenance of historical /h/, which is lost in other dialects. Zuberoan, the easternmost dialect of Basque still ...spoken today, shows both this /h/ as well as a phonetically nasalized segment h
which is a reflex of intervocalic *n. In this paper I argue that these two segments contrast in Zuberoan. Evidence for the contrast comes from both a newly described process of assimilation of /h/ to /h
/ in nasal environments which then serves as a basis of the analogical extension of the nasalized aspirate in a context where it cannot be phonologically derived, and from neighboring Mixean Low Navarrese where the nasalized h
has no other obvious source. Since a contrast between oral and nasalized aspirates is rare crosslinguistically, the Zuberoan and Mixean sound patterns discussed here should be of interest to typologists and phonologists alike.
Take up your arms Meyer, Isabelle de
Indogermanische Forschungen,
10/2022, Letnik:
127, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Abstract
This article investigates the etymology of four Latin lexemes starting with /arm-/: arma, armus, armilla and armenta. It examines whether they are men- or mo-derivatives of the root commonly ...reconstructed as *h₂er- ‘to join’. The combination of an in-depth analysis of 1) the use of armenta in Latin, and ἀραρίσκω and ἁρμόζω in Greek, and 2) similar stems in other IE languages, particularly Vedic īrmá-, Latvian ir̃mi et al., OCS ramo and jarьmъ et al., results in the conclusion that two stems should be differentiated. Armus and the other IE words for ‘shoulder; arm’ point to a second laryngeal and go back to a mo-stem ‘joining, (shoulder) joint’, originally an adjective. Its substantivation process went along with a change in accentuation and ablaut. The middle laryngeal would be the result of a contamination with *pĺ̥h₂-meh₂. The other Latin words and OCS jarьmъ et al. go back to a men-stem ‘the attachment’. The armenta were originally ‘the ones belonging to the attachment (a yoke)’ > ‘the plough animals’. Lastly, it is stated that if ἅρμα was a direct men-derivative of the PIE root, the wheel should be interpreted as ‘the attachment (to the chariot frame)’ rather than ‘the thing joined together’.
In Chamorro, a typically neutralized contrast between mid and high vowels is preserved before intervocalic laryngeals. This preservation of contrast is shown to be an instance of patterned ...exceptionality. Rather than being a result of syllable structure or the typical lowering pattern of high to mid vowels in Chamorro, this exceptionality is instead conditioned by perceptual factors. The phonetic context provided by intervocalic laryngeals provides external cues pertaining to the quality of the preceding vowel, enabling the preservation of underlying contrast. This paper will demonstrate that laryngeals allow more robust acoustic information for perceiving vowel height (F1) when compared to supralaryngeal consonants. The continuation of vocalic F1 into and through the laryngeal provides more cues to the preceding vowel’s quality, allowing an underlying mid-high contrast to surface faithfully in this “exceptional” environment. This supports theories that integrate phonetic information into the synchronic phonology. The licensing of contrast provided by intervocalic laryngeals carries with it both typological and experimental predictions regarding the patterning of laryngeal consonants and the perceptual environment they provide.
Glides and laryngeals as a structural class de Kok, Kenneth; Botma, Bert; van ’t Veer, Marijn
Linguistics in the Netherlands,
12/2018, Letnik:
35, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Abstract
Phonological processes typically affect natural classes of sounds, with the members of such classes sharing some phonetic property to the exclusion of other sounds. Recent typological work ...shows that not all phonological classes are natural, however (
Mielke 2008
). This paper considers the class of glides and laryngeals, a combination of sounds which resists a straightforward characterization in terms of shared features. Adopting the framework of Element Theory (
Harris & Lindsey 1995
;
Backley 2011
), we argue that class behaviour of glides and laryngeals is due not to their having shared phonetic content, but shared phonological structure: glides and laryngeals contain a single element in their melodic structure. We conclude that phonological processes can be sensitive to the difference between simple and complex expressions.
According to a phonetic rule commonly referred to as
, the quality of a long *
was not affected by an adjacent laryngeal *
or *
in the prehistory of the individual Indo-European languages: Latin
...‘hope’ < *
(desiderative), Old Slavic
‘be successful’ < *
(cf. *
in Ved.
and Lat.
; *
in Old Slavic
); Tocharian B
<
‘disk, orb’ (without colouration) versus Latin
< *
‘circle’. The purpose of the article is not to reassess the value of all reconstructions involving Eichner’s law, but to focus primarily on two neglected examples supporting its validity: Latin
< *
‘Ides’, a term originally referring to the full moon, for which a connection with
< *
(a term glossed as
) can plausibly be argued; Greek ἔγκατα < *
‘mass of the inner organs of the thorax and of the upper part of the abdomen’ related to ὄγκος ‘swelling, tumour, bulk’ (from an older meaning ‘curvature’; the word constantly refers to
, not to weight). The striking structural parallelism between ἔγκατα < *
‘pluck’ (with Osthoff-shortening) and ἧπαρ < *
‘liver’ requires a close reexamination of the latter word and a detailed discussion of the puzzling vocalism of Lat.
, gen.
. The study aims at offering a careful analysis of these items, taking into account their precise semantics and the relevant comparative data. Particular emphasis will be laid upon the derivational processes responsible for the morphological shape of the lexemes under discussion. It will appear that the Classical languages, especially Latin, can make a decisive contribution to the understanding of the morphology of lengthened-grade formations, which in turn offer new insights into the history of the Latin and Greek lexicons.
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