In our highly digitalized society, cybercrime has become a common crime. However, because research into cybercriminals is in its infancy, our knowledge about cybercriminals is still limited. One of ...the main considerations is whether cybercriminals have higher intellectual capabilities than traditional criminals or even the general population. Although criminological studies clearly show that traditional criminals have lower intellectual capabilities, little is known about the relationship between cybercrime and intelligence. The current study adds to the literature by exploring the relationship between CITO-test scores and cybercrime in the Netherlands. The CITO final test is a standardized test for primary school students - usually taken at the age of 11 or 12 - and highly correlated with IQ-scores. Data from Statistics Netherlands were used to compare CITO-test scores of 143 apprehended cybercriminals with those of 143 apprehended traditional criminals and 143 non-criminals, matched on age, sex, and country of birth. Ordinary Least Squares regression analyses were used to compare CITO test scores between cybercriminals, traditional criminals, and non-criminals. Additionally, a discordant sibling design was used to control for unmeasured confounding by family factors. Findings reveal that cybercriminals have significantly higher CITO test scores compared to traditional criminals and significantly lower CITO test scores compared to non-criminals.
•This study uses data from Statistics Netherlands, containing CITO-test scores of 143 cybercriminals.•The CITO-test is a standardized test and has been shown to have a high positive correlation with IQ-scores.•A discordant sibling design is used to control for unmeasured confounding by family factors.•Cybercriminals have higher CITO-test scores than traditional criminals and lower scores than non-criminals.
Wide-area fault location (WAFL) refers to the estimation of fault distance on the faulted line using PMU data. A system of linear equations is formulated for WAFL, taking advantage of both voltage ...and current synchrophasors. This results in a generalized closed-form solution for the fault distance using the weighted least-squares method. The main contribution of the letter is the rigorous derivation of the equation weights based on the statistical distributions of the superimposed errors, i.e., the differences between the errors of the corresponding pre- and post-fault synchrophasors. The method's effectiveness, robustness against different factors, and superiority over existing methods are demonstrated by extensive simulations and comparison studies conducted on the IEEE 39-bus test system.
Summary
The main challenge of the immersed boundary approach is the proper enforcement of boundary conditions on the body interface without any spurious oscillations, which are induced by the ...nongrid‐conforming boundary configuration. In this study, a new sharp interface ghost‐cell immersed boundary method (IBM) is proposed for obtaining solutions near the immersed boundary with a high order of accuracy. The main idea is “jump‐reduction” instead of jump‐correction across the boundary interface by combining the ghost‐cell method with the flow reconstruction method. In the proposed IBM, the unknown values at the three points, that is, boundary points, ghost cell, and flow field reconstruction point are solved simultaneously using equations formulated by the moving least‐squares interpolation method. It is a hybrid of ghost‐cell and flow reconstruction methods, correlated with interface values, which result in a reduced jump‐discontinuity. In addition, a discontinuity‐distinguishing algorithm is introduced so that the low‐order method is applied only to the discontinuous or non smooth region, while the current high‐order method is applied elsewhere. Reduced jump‐discontinuity of the proposed IBM has been verified in both subsonic and supersonic flow using fundamental benchmark problems. We observed that the reduced jump‐discontinuity does not hamper the mass conservation and shows even better conservation property than conventional methods due to the nonoscillatory performance in smooth regions. The numerical results further confirm the ability of the proposed IBM to solve complex flow physics with high‐order accuracy and improved stability.
In this study, a new sharp interface ghost‐cell immersed boundary method is proposed for obtaining solutions near the immersed boundary with a high order of accuracy. The main idea is “jump‐discontinuity reduction” across the boundary interface by combining the ghost‐cell method with the flow reconstruction method. We observed that the reduced jump‐discontinuity does not hamper the mass conservation and shows even better conservation property than conventional methods due to the nonoscillatory performance.
Gangliosides are the most abundant glycolipid among eukaryotic cell membranes and consist of a glycan head moiety containing one or more sialic acids and a ceramide chain. The analysis of the glycan ...moieties among different subclass gangliosides, including GM, GD, and GT gangliosides, remains a challenge for shotgun lipidomics. Here, we present a novel shotgun lipidomics approach employing gas-phase ion/ion chemistry. The gas-phase derivatization strategy provides a rapid way to manipulate the ion-types of the precursor ions, and, in conjunction with collision induced dissociation (CID), allows for the elucidation of the structures of the glycan moieties from gangliosides. In addition to the enhancement of structural characterization, gas-phase ion chemistry leads to a form of purification of the precursor ions prior to CID by neutralizing isobaric or isomeric ions with different charge states but with similar or identical m/z values. To demonstrate the proposed strategy, both deprotonated GM3 and GM1 gangliosides (GM–H−) were isolated and subjected to reaction with magnesium-Terpy complex cations (Mg(Terpy)22+). The post-reaction product spectra show the elimination of possible contamination, illustrating the ability of charge-switching derivatization to purify the precursor ions. Isomeric differentiation between GD1a and GD1b was achieved by the sequential ion/ion reactions, with the CID of GD1–H+Mg+ showing diagnostic fragment ions from the isomers. Moreover, isomeric identification among GT1a, GT1b, and GT1c was accomplished while performing a gas-phase magnesium transfer reaction and CID. Lastly, the presented workflow was applied to ganglioside profiling in a porcine brain extract. In total, 34 gangliosides were profiled among only 20 precursor ion m/z values by resolving isomers. Furthermore, the fucosylation site on GM1 and GD1, and N-glycolylneuraminic acid conjugated GT1 isomers was identified. Relative quantification of isomeric two isomeric pairs, GD1a/b C36:1 and GD1a/b C38:1 was also achieved using pure component product ion spectra coupled with a total least-squares method. The results demonstrate the applicability and strength of using shotgun MS coupled with gas-phase ion/ion chemistry to characterize the glycan moiety structures on different subclasses of gangliosides.
Correction for 'Accuracy improvement of boron by molecular emission with a genetic algorithm and partial least squares regression model in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy' by Zhihao Zhu
et al.
,
...J. Anal. At. Spectrom.
, 2018,
33
, 205-209, DOI: 10.1039/C7JA00356K.
The partition algorithm as a digital image processing technique is significant to many applications, such as data encryption, image denoising, and 3-D reconstruction. In order to achieve well ...partition that can availably reduce the distortion phenomenon, a novel approach named image adaptive triangular partition (IATP) is proposed, which considers the grayscale distribution of the image and removes the shared edges between the adjacent triangles in the partition mesh. The least-squares method is used to fit the sampled position-associated gray value of the image to determine whether further partition should be performed, that is, if the sum of squared residuals is bigger than the preselected control value, the current area will be divided into four separated sub-triangles by using the self-similar method, and then preparing the next fitting on each of them in recursion; otherwise, the terminal operation is reached. When the recursive partition of the image is done, the triangular partition mesh with the quaternary notations is obtained. The experimental results demonstrate that the performance of the IATP algorithm proposed in this paper is better than the existing state-of-the-art nonuniform partitions, and it solves the redundant coding problem and reduces the image quality losses. In addition, two applications-image steganography and information encryption-are selected to verify that the proposed algorithm has good feasibility and robustness.
We created a Microsoft Excel file, Enzyme_Kinetics_Calculator, which includes macro programs that automatically calculates kinetic parameters for typical kinetic equations of enzymatic reactions, ...accompanied by their standard errors, by minimizing the residual sum of squares thereof. The S–v plot is automatically drawn with the theoretical lines and, similarly, the 1/S-1/v plot in the case of linear theoretical lines. Enzyme_Kinetics_Calculator is available as a supplementary file for this paper (see J. Appl. Glycosci. Web site).
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and telomere length are putative aging biomarkers and are sensitive to environmental stressors, including pollutants. Our objective was to identify, from a set of ...environmental exposures, which exposure is associated with leukocyte mtDNA content and telomere length in adults. This study includes 175 adults from 50 to 65 years old from the cross-sectional Flemish Environment and Health study, of whom leukocyte telomere length and mtDNA content were determined using qPCR. The levels of exposure of seven metals, 11 organohalogens, and four perfluorinated compounds (PFHxS, PFNA, PFOA, PFOS) were measured. We performed sparse partial least-squares regression analyses followed by ordinary least-squares regression to assess the multipollutant associations. While accounting for possible confounders and coexposures, we identified that urinary cadmium (6.52%, 95% confidence interval, 1.06, 12.28), serum hexachlorobenzene (2.89%, 018, 5.68), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (11.38%, 5.97, 17.08) exposure were positively associated (p < 0.05) with mtDNA content, while urinary copper (−9.88%, −14.82, −4.66) and serum perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (−4.75%, −8.79, −0.54) exposure were inversely associated with mtDNA content. Urinary antimony (2.69%, 0.45, 4.99) and mercury (1.91%, 0.42, 3.43) exposure were positively associated with leukocyte telomere length, while urinary copper (−3.52%, −6.60, −0.34) and serum perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (−3.64%, −6.60, −0.60) showed an inverse association. Our findings support the hypothesis that environmental pollutants interact with molecular hallmarks of aging.
Recently, because of simplicity of meshless methods, they have been employed for solving many partial differential equations. One of the meshless methods is element free Galerkin technique. The ...element free Galerkin is very similar to the finite element method with this difference that the test and trial spaces of EFG procedure are shape functions of moving least squares approximation. Using the mentioned shape functions, solving a problem on a complex domain is very simple. Some researchers proposed several modifications and enriched approaches for improving the element free Galerkin method that one of them is variational multiscale element free Galerkin procedure. Up to the best of authors’ knowledge, the element free Galerkin method based on the shape functions of moving least squares approximation needs more CPU time than the element free Galerkin method based on the shape functions of moving Kriging interpolation. Thus, in the current paper, we employ the variational multiscale element free Galerkin based on the shape functions of moving Kriging interpolation. Also, for reducing the CPU time of the presented numerical scheme, we use the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) approach. Therefore, in the current paper, we propose the proper orthogonal decomposition variational multiscale element free Galerkin (POD-VMEFG) method for solving time-dependent incompressible Navier–Stokes equation. Moreover, several test problems are given that show the acceptable accuracy and efficiency of the proposed scheme.
•Variational multiscale element free Galerkin(VMEFG) and moving Kriging are combined.•Proper orthogonal decomposition VMEFG method is employed to reduce CPU time.•Numerical simulations for incompressible Navier–Stokes equation by new technique are presented.•A calibration based on H1 Sobolev norm is used to obtain results with sufficient accuracy.•Efficiency of new technique is studied via solving some examples on irregular domains.
In this article, we present a least-squares method to compute freeform surfaces of a lens with parallel incoming and outgoing light rays, which is a transport problem corresponding to a
non-quadratic
...cost function. The lens can transfer a given emittance of the source into a desired illuminance at the target. The freeform lens design problem can be formulated as a Monge–Ampère type differential equation with transport boundary condition, expressing conservation of energy combined with the law of refraction. Our least-squares algorithm is capable to handle a non-quadratic cost function, and provides two solutions corresponding to either convex or concave lens surfaces.
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