The swimming speed of the Japanese flying squid, Todarodes pacificus, when attracted by white LED light was measured. The squid (n=1-10) were kept in a rectangular experimental tank. White LED panels ...acting as light sources were fitted on opposite walls 9.5 m apart. When the LED panel on one wall was switched on, the squid moved toward it. When at least half of them reached closer to the LED panel, the light was switched off and the LED panel of the opposite wall was switched on immediately. As soon as the light source changed, the squid turned direction and moved toward the lit LED. This operation was repeated and the squid showed reciprocating motion in the tank. When an individual squid was kept alone in the tank, the degree of response to the change in the light source differed among individuals. However, when 3-10 squid were kept in the tank, all the squid showed synchronized movement toward the light source that was lit, with a strong response. The swimming speed of the squid (mantle length, 16.0-18.5 cm) when moving toward the light source was between 0.02 and 0.97 m/s with an average of 0.14 m/s.
Light is the main source of energy for the primary process that sustains life on our planet, known as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the strategy adopted by many living organisms for capturing and ...incorporating energy, and it is under this context that light is primarily experienced, explored, and exploited. Plants perceive information from the ambient environment and communicate with other organisms using light. They have developed a plethora of photoreceptors that permit this communication with the surrounding environment. Additionally, the physical properties of light, such as the spectral quality, irradiance, intensity, and photoperiod, play an integral role in the morphogenesis, growth, and metabolism of many biochemical pathways in plants.To facilitate photosynthesis in controlled environments, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) have been shown to offer interesting prospects for use in plant lighting designs in controlled-environment agriculture (greenhouses) and growth chambers for in vitro cultures. In high-technology greenhouses (for instance, vertical agriculture), artificial light may assume both assimilative (optimizing photosynthetic efficiency) and control functionality (guiding growth and development or the synthesis and accumulation of plant metabolites). In vitro cultures are regulated by different factors, and among them, light is the most important.
Background
Illicitly manufactured fentanyl and its analogues are appearing in countries throughout the world, often disguised as heroin or counterfeit prescription pills, with resulting high overdose ...mortality. Possible explanations for this phenomenon include reduced costs and risks to heroin suppliers, heroin shortages, user preferences for a strong, fast‐acting opioid and the emergence of Dark Web cryptomarkets. This paper addresses these potential causes and asks three questions: (1) can users identify fentanyl; (2) do users desire fentanyl; and (3) if users want fentanyl, can they express this demand in a way that influences the supply?
Argument/analysis
Existing evidence, while limited, suggests that some users can identify fentanyl, although not reliably, and some desire it, but because fentanyl is frequently marketed deceptively as other drugs, users lack information and choice to express demand effectively. Even when aware of fentanyl's presence, drug users may lack fentanyl‐free alternatives. Cryptomarkets, while difficult to quantify, appear to offer buyers greater information and competition than offline markets. However, access barriers and patterns of fentanyl‐related health consequences make cryptomarkets unlikely sources of user influence on the fentanyl supply. Market condition data indicate heroin supply shocks and shortages prior to the introduction of fentanyl in the United States and parts of Europe, but the much lower production cost of fentanyl compared with heroin may be a more significant factor
Conclusion
Current evidence points to a supply‐led addition of fentanyl to the drug market in response to heroin supply shocks and shortages, changing prescription opioid availability and/or reduced costs and risks to suppliers. Current drug users in affected regions of the United States, Canada and Europe appear largely to lack both concrete knowledge of fentanyl's presence in the drugs they buy and access to fentanyl‐free alternatives.
‘The Changing State of Gentrification’ (2001) by Jason Hackworth and the late Neil Smith is one of the most influential papers ever published in TESG. By introducing three waves, or periods, of ...practices and patterns of gentrification, it changed the way we think about gentrification. This Introduction to the Forum discusses the three waves introduced by Hackworth and Smith as well as fourth wave introduced by Lees et al. Finally, I will argue that during the global financial crisis we have entered fifth‐wave gentrification. Fifth‐wave gentrification is the urban materialisation of financialised or finance‐led capitalism. The state continues to play a leading role during the fifth wave, but is now supplemented – rather than displaced – by finance. It is characterised by the emergence of corporate landlords, highly leveraged housing, platform capitalism (e.g. Airbnb), transnational wealth elites using cities as a ‘safe deposit box’, and a further ‘naturalisation’ of state‐sponsored gentrification.
Aims and objectives
To examine and present the success rate in relation to nurse‐led elective DCCV service in AF patients.
Background
As the incidence of AF increases healthcare settings will ...continue to face challenges in providing appropriate timely intervention. The provision of DCCV has primarily been medical‐led. Due to the increasing requirement of hospital beds, cost restriction and medical team stress the roles of nurse specialists have been driven to include elective DCCV.
Design
A systematic review with a narrative synthesis was undertaken.
Methods
The databases searched include the following: The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, Embase, Clinical Key, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and HSE library website. A total of 187 articles were identified, and seven studies were included for synthesis. The EBL checklist was used to assess validity. The PRISMA checklist was used for transparency.
Results
The results of this review show an acceptable complication rate, no negative patient outcomes and a high rhythm conversion success rate. A disparity was identified due to the lack of distinction between registered nurse (RGN), advanced nurse practitioner (ANP), advanced practice provider (APP) and nurse practitioner (NP) roles. These results support the belief that a highly skilled nurse in this specific background working in a supportive organisational framework can make a valuable contribution to such practices.
Conclusion
A structured nurse‐led elective DCCV service appears safe, effective and has a high success rate in restoration to sinus rhythm in AF. However, the need for further research in order to advance knowledge and support changes in nurse‐led DCCV practice is evident.
Relevance to clinical practice
This review demonstrates that a nurse‐led elective DCCV service appears safe and successful in restoring sinus rhythm. It has promising potential effects in terms of waiting time, cost saving and achieving patient satisfaction.
Constant current sources are required to drive multiple color LED strings and the LED drivers that drive these LED lighting systems should provide multiple constant currents from a single dc source. ...In this paper, a single inductor multiple current output (SIMCO) converter that can provide N- independently controllable constant current outputs is reported. The average current in each color LED string is controlled independently by using hybrid average current mode control (HACMC). The HACMC combines the advantage of both average current mode control and charge control method. Traditional dimming approaches such as pulse width modulation and analog dimming can be incorporated in the proposed topology for color tunability and correlated color temperature control. The proposed approach uses a simple control logic, which is modular and can be scalable to N color LED lighting systems. The operation of the SIMCO converter with the HACMC is explained in detail. Simulation and experimental results with 48 V input and 12 W for N = 3 (RGB) color systems are presented.
This paper presents a unified approach to controlling the white color point of the red/green/blue (RGB) light-emitting diode (LED) existing in all aging states. In contrast to conventional color ...control systems where the average driving currents of the primary-color LEDs can become saturated when the LEDs have undergone prolonged aging, which causes the resulting white color point to go out of regulation, the proposed method avoids this problem by adjusting the color set points when a predefined threshold current is reached by one or more of the primary-color LEDs. It is shown that the method can effectively maintain the white color point of RGB LED at the desired value when the primary-color LEDs are subjected to an accelerated aging through repetitive current stress cycles.
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