The term “metaverse” refers to a virtual reality setting where users may engage in sustained and immersive interactions with other users and digital information. The metaverse offers new potential ...for entertainment, education, commerce, sociability, and creativity; therefore, it is anticipated to play a significant role in the future of the digital economy. However, the metaverse presents additional difficulties in resolving conflicts that can develop between its users, producers, and providers. Intellectual property rights, privacy, contract enforcement, fraud, harassment, and cybercrime are some of the concerns that may be raised in these conflicts. The existing legal system for settling these conflicts is disjointed and insufficient since it does not consider the metaverse’s unique qualities and complexity. This study investigates the present legal framework to provide fair and effective conflict resolution in the metaverse. It then establishes tenable fundamentals within the context of scientific and legal foundations. and propose a theoretical model named Hybrid Legal Framework for Metaverse Dispute Resolution (HLFMDR).
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•P recovery has the potential to lessen the pressure on P imports dependency of the EU.•European countries have enacted legislation for promoting P recovery.•Waste streams and ...eutrophic environments can be promising P recycling resources.•Literature review on engineering approaches for P release and recovery is presented.•Commercial engineering applications for P recovery in the EU are assessed.
Phosphorus (P), one of the essential and indispensable elements for the growth of living organisms, is finite and nonrenewable for a multitude of applications. Economic P recycling can contribute to sustainable P management and lessen the pressure on P imports of the EU. Several European countries now have paved the way for establishing P recovery legislation and successively implemented compulsory recycling from P-rich wastes. This paper provided a comprehensive review for analyzing the potential of existing P recycling resources and engineering technologies in terms of their feasibility and applicability in Europe. Potential P-rich flows from the waste streams and eutrophic environments were deeply investigated. Regarding their technical principles, application, and availability, different engineering approaches for P release enhancement and P recovery were also reviewed in a critical manner. Moreover, assessments on engineering applications for P recycling considering economic feasibility and environmental benefits were also presented. Wastewater treatment plants show promising recovery efficiency, whereas industrial processes with sludge ashes as input allow up to 95% recovery of P. Collectively, in Europe, efficient and sustainable management of P has been recognized as a necessary strategy to meet the growing demand for mineral P.
There is broad consensus on the key role that carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, transport, and storage (CCTS) systems will play in mitigating climate change, either by removing CO2 from the atmosphere ...and storing it permanently or by avoiding CO2 emissions generated by point sources, especially from hard-to-abate sectors (e.g., waste-to-energy, cement, shipping or aviation). Although CCTS is ready to be implemented from a technical standpoint, the legal and regulatory framework required for its implementation and regulation could be further improved. In this article, we summarize and critically discuss the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (the ‘OSPAR Convention’), and of the London protocol, as well as of the European CCS and ETS Directives. With a focus on the European Economic Area, we highlight existing gaps and hurdles that should be tackled in view of the large-scale deployment of CCTS. Furthermore, as the legal landscape for CO2 transport and geological storage is evolving rapidly, we provide an overview of recent clarifications on aspects of the existing legislation and a summary of new proposals presented by the European Commission in this space.
•Carbon dioxide capture, transport and storage technologies are technically feasible.•The regulatory framework for large-scale CCS requires revision and updating.•CCS and its legal landscape should evolve fast towards commercial deployment.
The presented issues concern the analysis of barriers limiting large-scale underground hydrogen storage. Prospects for the rapid development of the hydrogen economy, the role of hydrogen in a ...carbon-neutral economy, and the production, use, and demand for hydrogen today and in the perspective of 2050 are indicated. The decreasing costs of producing ‘green’ hydrogen, rising prices of CO2 emission allowances, and the development of carbon capture and storage technology will have a significant impact on the rapid deployment of underground hydrogen storage (UHS). Underground storage of large quantities of hydrogen from surplus renewable energy production is of interest to government institutions interested in the construction of hydrogen storage sites, geological services, large renewable energy sources electricity producers, and chemical and petrochemical plants. It offers the possibility of long-term, safe storage of this gas at relatively low costs.
The prospect of quick implementation of UHS technology on an industrial scale is associated with the definition and overcoming of numerous barriers and obstacles that stand in its way today. Based on the recent literature, they are discussed in the present article. The following have been identified as significant barriers to the implementation of UHS: geological and reservoir constraints, technical and safety limitations, legal barriers, conflicts of interest, and social acceptance of underground hydrogen storage. The most important obstacles in this regard have been identified.
•Interactions of H2 with rocks and fluids in storage sites must be recognized.•The insufficiently recognized impact of hydrogen properties on storage safety.•The lack of H2 storage regulations may inhibit the development of this technology.•Knowledge of underground H2 storage is essential for public acceptance.
Food contaminants monitoring is conducted in an intensive manner yet, there are still food safety scandals related to various chemical compounds. This fact highlights the need to review the ...requirements posed by the current legal framework on analytical methods performance and evaluate its application in published studies. Herein, we present an inventory including more than 470 publications on screening and confirmatory methods, which were used to control hazardous compounds such as pesticides, antibiotics, mycotoxins, aquatic toxins and allergens. Analytical performance characteristics, trends and state of the art, both merits and shortcomings, are critically discussed and summarized in excel tabulations. This repository highlights the ever-increasing use of screening methods and the necessity to confirm their performance by applying confirmatory methods. In conclusion, more effort is needed on validation and benchmarking, especially of newly developed technology such as smartphone-based methods, to avoid false-negative results and ensure that methods fit for purpose.
•A method inventory including more than 470 publications was prepared.•Ever-increasing use of screening methods towards on-site detection exists.•Smartphones have emerged as novel analytical platforms.•Chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry remained the golden standard technique.
The rise in global temperature indicates the impact of climate change, encouraging more countries to adapt and seek practical solutions. Several countries, including Indonesia, have begun to regulate ...electric vehicles because of the commitment to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It simultaneously provides opportunities for developing electric vehicles to prevent more use of fossil fuels. This study aimed to discuss and explore Indonesia's trajectory to develop a legal framework for electromobility that started to be drafted in 2019. This framework has resulted in legal fissures because of the lack of regulations to promote electric vehicles against the environmental aspects, whereas it tends to focus on industrial development. Finally, this study discussed regulatory issues and predicted the future of Indonesia's electromobility legal development through the lens of sustainability. This study used normative legal research whose analysis inventoried and identified several laws and regulations on electromobility in Indonesia with particular criteria. This study showed that Indonesia's legal development of electromobility is being accomplished by autonomous and inconsistent delegated regulations with technical and non-technology aspects. Adopting a legal instrument through Presidential Regulation is insufficient to build an electromobility ecosystem that involves many sectors. In contrast, an imbalance in the regulatory framework, the three pillars of sustainability, and the economic dimension outweigh the social and environmental factors. Insofar, the regulations adopted prioritize the economic aspect, and the framework has impacted other industries, including mining and international trade, due to the need for nickel and manganese as raw materials for electric vehicle batteries.
Research in relation to land technology should be conducted guided by concerns for environmental sustainability. There must be a robust framework that regulates land use and development, taking into ...account changes in the environment due to biological, human-made substances and other factors. The research has shown how important it is to have all stakeholders involved in regulation process through Integrated Stakeholder Engagement Approach (ISEA) which is unique. Proposed ISEA approach can bring together different stakeholders including government agencies, corporate experts, environmental advocates as well as community groups to come up with appropriate regulatory frameworks. One model of reducing the impacts of a building is to build it on a strong foundation. It is necessary today for such studies to include simulation assessment so as to evaluate the effectiveness of the regulatory system. This review examines possible outcomes and environmental implications associated with specific regulations based on certain zoning policies are useful for decision-making and policy choices. By minimizing pollution while using simulation analysis techniques among different stakeholders, this initiative wants to facilitate resilient sustainable land improvement.
Economic growth is an indicator used to see development success in a country, including Indonesia. The Covid-19 pandemic has a significant impact on economic growth, such as a decline in each quarter ...of 2020. It also affects the income and level of consumption of the community. UMKM, as the spearhead of economic affairs, can certainly provide solutions to the problems faced. The tendency of the halal industry, especially in halal products, is currently experiencing a panic, where all products must have a halal certificate. This study aims to analyze the potential of halal-based UMKM on the economy after the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method is qualitative with a literacy approach, referring to the findings that correlate with the studied variables. The result of this research is that halal-based UMKM provides economic improvement. The population of Muslims in Indonesia reached 229.62 million people, and it has an impact on the level of consumption of foods and drinks labelled as halal, especially during a pandemic. The tendency that occurs determines consumption in society. Therefore, halal-based UMKM have the potential to improve the economy during the pandemic and post Covid-19 pandemic.
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