Legal transplants are broadly recognized as one of the main mechanisms by which donor states influence the legal development of recipient states. The experience of China, however, challenges ...convention. While, in recent years, China has been one of the largest capital-exporting countries in the world and has mobilized law to protect its investment in high-risk recipient states, legal transplants have, to date, not played a major role in China’s approach to law and development. This article examines this puzzle through the case of China’s participation in formulating Vietnam’s 2018 SEZ Bill. In doing so, this article sets forth a number of hypotheses as to why Chinese law has thus far not assumed the form of legal transplant. The example of the SEZ Bill demonstrates how Chinese legal transplants depend as much on the “pull” of recipient states as they do on the “push” of the donor. The case-study of the SEZ Bill raises important questions not only for Chinese law and development, but also, more generally, for the viability of “second-order” legal transplants: those from an Asian donor to an Asian recipient.
Comparative law and legal history show us that law is dynamic, always in continuous development, change, or mutation. This dynamic dimension has become a central concern for the comparative law ...scholars. The circulation of legal models in the world (e.g. legal transplant, legal transfer, legal borrowing, legal migration) is an evergreen issue. This phenomenon has provoked numerous doctrinal disputes, which have been encapsulated in complex theories on its possibilities and impossibilities. In the present article, we will not explore the many modern theories regarding legal transplantation (or under other metaphors). Instead, we will go back in time, in the second half of the nineteenth century, to explore an interesting Romanian theory that seems to have anticipated a series of modern ideas regarding the purpose, possibilities, and impossibilities of the circulation of legal models in the world. Following this approach, the main conclusion will be resumed to the idea that the Romanian theory of forms without substance can be integrated within the modern theories of legal transplant.
Este trabajo presenta una síntesis de los significados de la locución «falta de servicio» en el Derecho administrativo chileno, entre los años 1976 y 2002. Se sostiene que esa expresión designó, por ...una parte, a la traducción de la locución francesa faute de service que realizó el legislador chileno; y, por otra, a dos tesis interpretativas sobre disposiciones normativas nacionales que fueron creadas por juristas chilenos: i) una tesis local o idiosincrásica definió la expresión como una hipótesis de responsabilidad objetiva en ausencia de un servicio público, y ii) una tesis defendió la idea de que se trató de un trasplante legal y definió la expresión como una hipótesis de responsabilidad subjetiva o por negligencia del servicio conforme a su uso en Francia.
This article is not a mere introduction to the dossier of the Revista Brasileira de Direito Processual Penal on “History of Criminal Procedure in Modernity” (composed of 13 contributions on Belgium, ...Brazil, Finland, France, Italy and The Netherlands), but it also touches upon three methodological questions of comparative legal history. The first one relates to the proper concept of “modernity”, which can be understood differently, not only in various scientific areas (sociology, history, legal history…), but also in different parts of the world (the French and English perceptions of the word designating different periods). The second one is the use of “models”, such as inquisitorial versus accusatorial procedures, or popular and lay courts versus professional justice administration. Can such kinds of concepts historically be attached to certain times and places, or should legal scholarship avoid to do so, acknowledging that all systems are always mixed? The third one claims that all comparative legal history ought to be contextual. The dogmatic (or ideal) developments of law, very often explained by referring to legal transplants and translations or hybridisations, can only really be understood by searching for factual factors, responsible for the impact of certain “foreign” ideas.
Este artigo não é uma mera introdução para o dossiê da Revista Brasileira de Direito Processual Penal sobre “História do Processo Penal na Modernidade” (composto de 13 contribuições sobre a Bélgica, o Brasil, a Finlândia, a França, a Holanda e a Itália), mas também toca em três questões metodológicas sobre a história do direito comparada. A primeira está relacionada ao próprio conceito de “modernidade, que é entendida de maneira diferente, não somente em várias áreas científicas (sociologia, história, história do direito...), mas, também, em diferentes partes do mundo (com as percepções inglesa e francesa designando diferentes períodos). A segunda é o uso e de “modelos”, como processo inquisitorial versus acusatório, ou cortes populares versus administração profissional da justiça. Tais conceitos podem ser relacionados a certos tempos e espaços, ou o saber jurídico deveria evitar isso, reconhecendo que todos os sistemas são sempre “mistos”? O terceiro demanda que toda história do direito comparada deve ser contextual. Os desenvolvimentos dogmáticos ou intelectuais do direito, frequentemente explicados referindo-se a transplantes, traduções ou hibridizações jurídicas só podem ser realmente entendidas buscando por fatores factuais responsáveis pelo impacto de certas ideias “estrangeiras”.
Law is a cultural phenomenon of society. An analysis of the evolutionary process is key to understanding the positive principles and categories of legal thinking. Legal mechanisms created in unique ...circumstances become contradictory elements for the existing judicial practice of foreign legal systems. In accordance with modern reality and the tendencies of contemporary society, the problems of globalization determine the necessity of the analysis, which will be to consider whether it is possible to find the most effective adoption mechanisms for legal rules and practice through a process of harmonization. In the framework of current research, we have tried to answer the questions arising in relation to new tendencies in civil procedure through the prism of comparative research. The majority of adaptation mechanisms are formulated by unique legal experience in a distinct system. The influence of moral and cultural traditions, and the economic and political individuality of each society shape the outcome that allows new instruments to work in legal and procedural systems. This paper’s focus is methods of legal harmonization and adaptation of procedural law on the level of transnational communities. To provide a picture as complete as possible, we give a description of modern tendencies of social integration, the current strategy of legal transplant and a comparison of methods of harmonization in the territory of post-Soviet Union countries and in Europe.
The article deals with the combined influence of the Japanese and the Western traditions and legal thoughts in the shaping of the imperial institution in the two Japanese Constitutions, the 1889 ...Meiji Constitution and the 1946 “American” Constitution. The Meiji Constitution, modelled after the 1850 Constitution of Prussia, enshrines the sacred and eternal characters of the imperial system, within a Western framework; while the 1946 Constitution completely alters the imperial system, modifying the sovereignty principle and assigning a mere symbolic role to the Emperor.
Se realiza un estudio del etiquetado frontal en los empaques de alimentos en las regulaciones actuales y de lege ferenda de los ordenamientos chileno, colombiano, ecuatoriano y peruano, cuya ...finalidad es contribuir a una correcta comprensión y utilización de la metodología comparada, en particular de la figura del trasplante. En este sentido, se proporciona un ejemplo concreto de operabilidad (no necesariamente lograda) de un trasplante. También se destaca que las legislaciones analizadas se alejan de los modelos europeos y toman como referencia patrones propios de Latinoamérica, contribuyendo a un cambio de paradigma en relación con la tradicional influencia de la normativa extranjera que suele incorporarse en los derechos nacionales latinoamericanos.
In the past decade, policymakers and commentators across the world have called for the introduction of copyright reform based on the fair use model in the United States. Thus far, Israel, Liberia, ...Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka and Taiwan have adopted the fair use regime or its close variants. Other jurisdictions such as Australia, Hong Kong and Ireland have also advanced proposals to facilitate such adoption. This article examines the increasing efforts to transplant fair use into the copyright system based on the U.S. model. It begins by briefly recapturing the strengths and weaknesses of legal transplants. The article then scrutinizes the ongoing effort to transplant fair use from the United States. Specifically, it identifies eight modalities of transplantation. This article concludes with five lessons that can be drawn from studying the ongoing transplant efforts.
PDF
