Leksikon sentiment adalah sebuah kamus berisi istilah-istilah yang telah diklasifikasikan menurut polaritas sentiment positif, negatif dan netral. Biasanya istilah-stilah di dalam leksikon sentiment ...juga dilengkapi dengan nilai bobot polaritasnya. Leksikon sentiment memiliki peranan penting dalam proses analisis sentiment. Analisis sentiment adalah proses mengklasifikasikan polaritas emosi yang terkandung dalam suatu data. Jadi, leksikon sentiment adalah pondasi yang memperkuat akurasi hasil klasifikasi oleh mesin analisis sentiment. Mengingat pentingnya peranan leksikon sentiment maka banyak penelitian yang telah mengembangkan leksikon sentiment. Penelitian ini adalah sebuah literature review mengenai pengembangan leksikon sentiment. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah identifikasi mengenai metode-metode untuk pengembangan leksikon sentimen, masalah yang terjadi dalam pengembangan leksikon sentiment, solusi-solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang terjadi, jumlah data dan sumber data yang dibutuhkan, serta pengaruh leksikon sentiment pada perfoma sistem analisis sentiment. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan systematic literature review dalam proses pelaksanaannya. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat berkontribusi sebagai tinjauan bagi proyek pengembangan leksikon sentiment.
U radu se opisuje glagoljaška sastavnica u Leksikonu hrvatskih tradicija Joanne Rapacke. Razina obavijesnosti Rapackinih natuknica o hrvatskome glagoljaštvu i njihove usklađenosti s percepcijom ...glagoljaštva u hrvatskoj leksikografiji utvrdit će usporedbom tih natuknica s tematski bliskim natuknicama iz Leksikona hrvatske glagoljice (1995) Josipa Bratulića i Hrvatskog leksikona (1996–1997). Posebna će se pažnja posvetiti analizi natuknica koje se odnose na geografski prostor, aktere, jezik, pismo i književnost. U svakoj od analiziranih natuknica Joanna Rapacka ispričala je zanimljivu i poticajnu priču o pojedinim epizodama hrvatske povijesti.
Dieses Buch analysiert den russischen Orientdiskurs des 19. Jahrhunderts als Medium, in dem sich die diskursiven Grundlagen gegenwärtiger Religionsverständnisse formen. Es verfolgt die Herausbildung ...zentraler Begriffe und Konzepte der religionsbeschreibenden Sprache an Fallstudien zur Rezeption von Islam, Zoroastrismus, Buddhismus und Schamanismus mit einem Schwerpunkt auf der ersten Jahrhunderthälfte. Im Fokus stehen die Genese generischer Religionskonzepte und die Geschichte des Religionsbegriffs. Analysiert werden Quellen im Bereich von Wissenschaft, Literatur, Reiseberichten und Journalismus. Die interdisziplinäre Studie liefert einen Beitrag zur Religionswissenschaft, zur Slawistik und zur Kulturgeschichte des Russländischen Imperiums.
Arbeidernes Leksikon ble gitt ut i 94 hefter og seks bind mellom 1931 og 1936 på Arbeidermagasinets Forlag. Verket var et uttalt forsøk på å skape et marxistisk alternativ til den rådende borgerlige ...samfunnsdiskursen. Leksikonet var det første i sitt slag utenfor Sovjetunionen og var inspirert av «Den store sovjetencyklopedien» (Bolsjaja sovetskaja entsiklopedija, første utgave 1926–1947) og «Den lille sovjetencyclopedien» (Malaja sovetskaja entsiklopedija, 1928–1931). Det inneholdt mye oversatt stoff fra disse, men mange artikler ble også skrevet eller tilrettelagt av norske sosialistiske akademikere. Redaktørene og mange av bidragsyterne var tilknyttet Norges Kommunistiske Parti og nettverket til den intellektuelle organisasjonen Mot Dag, men selve prosjektet var partipolitisk uavhengig, og med 10 000 solgte eksemplarer fikk verket bred utbredelse i arbeiderbevegelsen. I denne artikkelen ser jeg på hvordan tidlig historie blir representert i Arbeidernes Leksikon. Med utgangspunkt i et utvalg av representative artikler, argumenter jeg for at historie og historisk kunnskap spilte en viktig rolle, både for å etablere arbeiderkultur som en fullverdig motkultur til det borgerlige dannelsesidealet og for å vise gyldigheten av marxistisk samfunnsanalyse, og dermed at utviklingen mot revolusjon og det klasseløse samfunn var en historisk nødvendighet, men at det også var betydelige innslag av folkeopplysning og dannelse i prosjektet, etter mønster av tradisjonelle leksikon.
This paper intends to explain the linguistic evidence (phonology and lexicon) which shows Sakai language as one of the diachronic linguistic Malay variations. Methodologically, data is collected ...using documentation method of Proto-Melayu (PM) and Sakai Language Dictionary. The collected data is then analyzed using a top-down approach of joint innovation methods. Based on the fact that the innovation and retention of phonology of PM in their respective BS are both regular (correspondence) and irregular (variation) In addition, the retention of the lexicon field reinforces the BS as one of the Malay variants. The comparison of BS with Minangkabau (MIN) language found quite a lot of correspondences and variations of both innovation and variation which implies that both isolates are variants of the same language, although there is a difference between the two isolates. This reinforces the view that the Sakai language is one of the Malay language variants. Abstrak Tulisan ini bertujuan menjelaskan bukti linguistik (fonologi dan leksikon) yang menunjukkan bahasa Sakai sebagai salah satu variasi Melayu secara linguistik diakronis. Secara metodologis, data dikumpulkan menggunakan metode dokumentasi berupa Proto-Melayu (PM) dan Kamus Bahasa Sakai. Data yang terkumpulkan kemudian dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan top-down metode inovasi bersama (shared innovations). Berdasarkan kenyataan bahwa ditemukan inovasi dan retensi fonologi PM ke dalam BS masing-masing baik bersifat teratur (korespondensi) maupun tidak teratur (variasi) Di samping itu, retensi bidang leksikon menguatkan BS sebagai salah satu varian Melayu. Hasil perbandingan BS dengan bahasa Minangkabau (MIN) ditemukan cukup banyak korespondensi dan variasi baik yang bersifat inovasi maupun variasi yang menyiratkan bahwa kedua isolek tersebut adalah varian dari bahasa yang sama, meskipun terdapat perbedaan antara kedua isolek tersebut. Hal ini menguatkan pandangan bahwa bahasa Sakai merupakan salah satu varian bahasa Melayu.
What comes after South Africa’s fiscal cliff? This research provides insight into South Africa’s prospects should the country reach the proverbial fiscal cliff. The definition of the fiscal cliff ...used in this article refers to the point where social grants, interest on government debt and public service salaries exceed the total income of the South African government. This point has already been reached in the 2020/21 fiscal year, but is expected to be of a temporary nature. There is, therefore, still room to fend off a permanent fiscal crisis, provided that the public service salary bill be contained. At the same time, the government will have to budget more realistically for lower economic growth and therefore lower growth in tax revenue. Academic literature on South Africa’s fiscal cliff is limited, but the mainstream media (print and electronic) focuses on this issue frequently and extensively. The term “fiscal cliff” has, therefore, become part of the South African economic lexicon. The point where the fiscal cliff is reached is calculated by using the fiscal cliff barometer. The barometer shows that South Africa’s fiscal position has weakened significantly over the past decade, partly because public service salaries and interest payments on government debt have grown too fast in relation to South Africa’s potential and actual economic growth rates. The barometer readings are calculated as a ratio using variables for the estimated years to the cliff as well as the total years within the forecast period. The formula is calculated mathematically as: 1-( years to cliff ) (total years forecasted) (equation 1) In theory, values can range from one (1) to minus infinity (-∞). However, in practice, only values between one and zero are considered. A high value (e.g. 0,9) indicates a high probability that the fiscal cliff will be reached in the near future, while a 0 (zero) value indicates that the fiscal cliff will not be reached at all. The analysis of South Africa’s fiscal sustainability, based on the barometer readings, commences with 2007 data. The results show a significant spike in the barometer reading (closer to 1) from 0 (zero) in 2007 to 0,717 in 2014. Hereafter, the barometer reading stabilises, and even shows a slight improvement to 0,119, based on the 2018 Budget data. By 2018, therefore, the impression was that the government had taken sufficient cognisance of the warnings with regards to the fiscal cliff to start implementing steps to avoid it. This all changed in 2020, however, when the Supplementary Budget presented by the Minister of Finance (Mboweni 2020b) showed that the fiscal cliff had indeed been reached. Stated differently, for the 2020-fiscal year, civil service remuneration expenditure, interest on government debt and social grant payments will exceed total government revenue. All other expenditure will now have to be funded from further borrowing by the South African government. While it appears that research on the fiscal cliff has had an impact on government policy, it is probably a case of “too little, too late”. The most important contributions to the research to date may be summarised as (i) the creation of an awareness of the danger of economic disaster, as expressed in the phrase “fiscal cliff” in South Africa’s economic lexicon, (ii) a clear focus on the problem in civil society and the media, and (iii) transparent reporting on the public service salary bill by the government. Should a more permanent fiscal cliff materialise, South Africa’s future could include elements of a failed state, the result of which will be serious financial hardship for all South Africans. The government will find it increasingly more difficult and expensive to borrow from the money and capital markets, and there will be minimal funds available for service delivery. Interest payments on government debt will also be suspended or severely curtailed, thus contributing to liquidity problems for pension funds and the banking and insurance industries. The only option is avoidance of the fiscal cliff. This challenge awaits the South African government.
This paper outlines a unified understanding of the grammar-lexicon contrast and its neurocognitive underpinning, which builds on and integrates three recent theories: 1) a functional linguistic ...theory of the grammar-lexicon contrast; 2) a functional theory of neural structure; 3) a theory of procedural and declarative memory. The proposed model is contrasted with Generative Grammar and in particular with Construction Grammar.
Store norske leksikon (SNL) Great Norwegian Encyclopaedia is an edited, online encyclopaedia that strives towards radical transparency. Our aim is for as many parts of text production as possible to ...be visible to everyone, much like in the model that Wikipedia has pioneered. Unlike Wikipedia, however, contributors to SNL are required to use their full name, and encouraged to supply biographies that explain their background and qualifications within a field or topic.
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