One of the actively developing branches of lexicology is neology, the object of its study is a new word or neologism. The task of neology is to identify new words and new meanings for words already ...existing in the language, analyze the causes and ways of their appearance, describe the factors that influence the emergence of a new language in the lexical system, and develop a language policy regarding new nominations. Neography deals with the lexicographic description of neologisms. In Russian studies, an active study of neologisms began in the second half of the 20th century, but interest in new nominations in the language appeared much earlier. For the first time, the definition of the term neologism was given in the "Desk Dictionary for References in All Branches of Knowledge" ed. F. Tollya (1864): “Neologism (Greek), the passion to introduce useless words into the language, i.e. designed to express ideas that are clearly conveyed by other words that have already come into use" Alatortseva, 1999 p. 11. The very word neologism was used earlier, for example, P. YaVyazemsky writes: “I will allow myself neologisms, i.e. additions to the Dictionary of the Russian Academy" ibid., p. 11.
Straipsnyje aptariamas kasdieniame žemaičių šnekėjime aptinkamų mitinių būtybių įvardijimų dažnio ir kalbėjimo situacijų ryšys. Tyrimas paremtas knygoje Taip šneka tirkšliškiai (Girdenis, par., 1996) ...paskelbtų šiaurės žemaičių telšiškių XX a. II pusės kasdienybės kalbėjimo tekstų medžiaga.
•Human reading time for words varies logarithmically with word probability.•This is predicted by a novel incremental processing model.•It is also partially predicted an existing optimal perceptual ...discrimination model.
It is well known that real-time human language processing is highly incremental and context-driven, and that the strength of a comprehender’s expectation for each word encountered is a key determinant of the difficulty of integrating that word into the preceding context. In reading, this differential difficulty is largely manifested in the amount of time taken to read each word. While numerous studies over the past thirty years have shown expectation-based effects on reading times driven by lexical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and other information sources, there has been little progress in establishing the quantitative relationship between expectation (or prediction) and reading times. Here, by combining a state-of-the-art computational language model, two large behavioral data-sets, and non-parametric statistical techniques, we establish for the first time the quantitative form of this relationship, finding that it is logarithmic over six orders of magnitude in estimated predictability. This result is problematic for a number of established models of eye movement control in reading, but lends partial support to an optimal perceptual discrimination account of word recognition. We also present a novel model in which language processing is highly incremental well below the level of the individual word, and show that it predicts both the shape and time-course of this effect. At a more general level, this result provides challenges for both anticipatory processing and semantic integration accounts of lexical predictability effects. And finally, this result provides evidence that comprehenders are highly sensitive to relative differences in predictability – even for differences between highly unpredictable words – and thus helps bring theoretical unity to our understanding of the role of prediction at multiple levels of linguistic structure in real-time language comprehension.
The outstanding position in which the studies on the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands are at present is the result of an uninterrupted line of research that begins to take root from the forties, ...when true linguists started to carry out the tracking and study of materials. Before that date, the situation was very different in terms of the quantity and quality of the data and the substance of the analysis, but that does not mean, in any way, that these early contributions have no value, a fact that can be verified in this paper, focused on one of these initial works, that of Antonino Pestana Rodríguez, and that contains the edition of his Vocabulario palmero, essential to have a full notion concerning the extent of this contribution.
This study explores the construct of lexical sophistication and its applications for measuring second language lexical and speaking proficiency. In doing so, the study introduces the Tool for the ...Automatic Analysis of LExical Sophistication (TAALES), which calculates text scores for 135 classic and newly developed lexical indices related to word frequency, range, bigram and trigram frequency, academic language, and psycholinguistic word information. TAALES is freely available; runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux operating systems; and has a simple graphic user interface that allows for batch processing of . txt files. The tool is fast, reliable, and outputs results to a comma-separated value file that can be accessed using spreadsheet software. The study examines the ability of TAALES indices to explain the variance in human judgments of lexical proficiency and speaking proficiency for second language (L2) learners. Overall, these indices were able to explain 47.5% of the variance in holistic scores of lexical proficiency and 48.7% of the variance in holistic scores of speaking proficiency. This study has important implications for second language acquisition, for assessing L2 learners' productive skills (writing and speaking), and for L2 pedagogy. Limitations and future directions are also discussed.
In this article, is structure of verb adjective + possesive to be examined firstly, to be de facto morphology, word unit and semantic plane are examined, then the place of the verb in the combined ...verb category is tried to be shown. Use in the field of Turkey Turkish this structure / would / would have / happening / was / structure was found to have a fairly wide field of use. If there is no envelope in the structure, the main meaning that this structure adds to the sentence is ‘occasionally, sometimes,. This also means that the structure carrying the "occasional, sometimes, often" have been noted as used with envelopes. In addition to other matters of this nature is a remarkable act of "challenge to come, gain assets" are separated from meaning. The negative shapes of the building were identified and exemplified and prepositions could be entered between the building. As a result, it was found that these structures have in a remarkable manner both in Turkish from both functional.
•Participants read medium (50%) and low-cloze (>1%) words in discourse contexts.•Neural activity was analyzed separately for predicted and unpredicted targets.•Accurate predictions resulted in early ...differences on the N250 and N400.•Effects of contextual support were delayed by approximately 100ms.•Prediction and discourse plausibility both influenced a late, frontal positivity.
Readers may use contextual information to anticipate and pre-activate specific lexical items during reading. However, prior studies have not clearly dissociated the effects of accurate lexical prediction from other forms of contextual facilitation such as plausibility or semantic priming. In this study, we measured electrophysiological responses to predicted and unpredicted target words in passages providing varying levels of contextual support. This method was used to isolate the neural effects of prediction from other potential contextual influences on lexical processing. While both prediction and discourse context influenced ERP amplitudes within the time range of the N400, the effects of prediction occurred much more rapidly, preceding contextual facilitation by approximately 100ms. In addition, a frontal, post-N400 positivity (PNP) was modulated by both prediction accuracy and the overall plausibility of the preceding passage. These results suggest a unique temporal primacy for prediction in facilitating lexical access. They also suggest that the frontal PNP may index the costs of revising discourse representations following an incorrect lexical prediction.
This paper explores the metaphorical usage of taste-terms in Bangla. It discusses how Bangla speakers perceive taste-terms and conceptualise them in our everyday life. The paper is divided into three ...main sections. The first section provides an introduction to the subject of discussion, the second section talks about the prototypical usage of taste-terms in Bangla, in which the taste-terms are divided in terms of natural food and man-made food. Edible substances such as fruits, vegetables, etc. are natural food items, whereas food prepared by the combination of natural food is man-made food. The third section analyses the data using Lakoff and Johnson's Conceptual Metaphor Theory, with respect to the metaphorical usage of taste terms in Bangla. The fourth section provides a conclusion. This is the first attempt to work on Bangla since there isn't any work on Bangla in the Cognitive Semantic framework. Keywords: Bangla, taste-terms, conceptual metaphors, Conceptual Metaphor Theory, prototypicality
The article depicts the scientific path of the corresponding member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Professor Todor Boiadzhiev, who, on 11 November 2021, celebrated his 90th birthday. His ...academic life is mostly associated with Sofia University, “St Kliment Ohridski”. The major publications in dialectology, phonetics, grammar studies, lexicology, and stylistics by T. Boiadzhiev are outlined. Of special value are his books on the grammar of the Thracian dialects and his dialectal dictionaries. “The Ideographic Dialectal Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language”, which was compiled by T. Boiadzhiev with a team of Bulgarian linguists, was a monumental project of great significance. He authored several classical textbooks on the phonetics, morphology, stylistics, and lexicology of the Bulgarian language and many workbooks for school education. A prominent scholar, he gives his time and effort to academic and organizational activities, while also working to popularize science. T. Boiadzhiev is a gifted lecturer, teaching at the universities of Sofia, Veliko Tarnovo, Plovdiv, Burgas, and Lomonosov Moscow State University, amongst others, thus educating his successors in Bulgarian linguistics.
There are Brazilian works on Lithuanian immigration in Brasil, but the phenomenon of imgration from an anthroponimic point of view has not been studies yet. Although limited, this research ...contributes to fill this research gap. On a Socionomastic basis, a corpus made up of a sample of 55 personal names of members of the closed group of Facebook “Eu sou brasileiro e descendente de lituanos” (Iam Brazilian and descendant of Lithuanians”. The main hypothesis of the research is that in a migratory context, when it is need to name a descendant, immigrants parents have at least two alternatives which represents the extrems of a spectrum: adaptation to the naming system characteristics of the receiving country or conservation of the naming system characteristics of the country of origin. The descendants, in turn, when they need to name their children may or may not follow the decicions made by their parents. In the sample analyzed, while the first names followed Brazilian anthroponimic tendencies, the surnames were changed following adaptations also registereded in other countries where there were or there are Lithuanian migrants: loss of letters that are exclusives to Lithuanian orthography and, in surmanes, absence of typical endings for female beares.
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