The subject of the paper is the lexeme "chęchy" referring to inaccessible wet terrain of abundant vegetation which makes passage difficult. The range of occurrence and the etymology of the lexeme ...have been established on the basis of linguistic data from materials on General Polish and local dialects printed and published on the internet. It is a lexeme derived from the Wielkopolska region and known to both inhabitants of large cities such as Poznań and Łódź, as well as to populations of central and western Poland. It is used in everyday language and in chrematonyms – the names of shops and products. In terms of its etymology, it is an onomatopoeic word formed in imitation of the sounds of the rustling of leaves and branches and in all probability originates from Old Slavonic. Evidence of this has been found in its connections with other Slavonic lexemes of the same root and similar meaning. Its traces are also found in toponyms – place names and hydronyms beyond the Wielkopolska region and central Poland.
The paper analyses the materials recorded in the regions of the Kosovo-Resava dialect and then used in the relevant monographic studies and dialect related publications with the aim of presenting the ...inventory and distribution of genitive plural forms. The areal data display contains the plural genitive forms of nouns of all three genders used in the regions where the three sub-dialects of the Kosovo-Resava area are spoken. The map also displays the use of archaic forms in some Kosovo-Resava regions (genitive ≤ locative forms), as well as the influences that other, non-Slavic Balkan languages have on the inflectional system, particularly in the border areas, that is, in the contact zones.
В статье анализируются славянские наименования животных, образованные от человеческих имен и содержащиеся в первом томе «Общеславянского лингвистического атласа» «Животный мир». Характеризуются их ...производящие основы, первичные признаки номинации и географическая локализация. В частности, описываются названия таких представителей фауны, как божья коровка, светлячок, стрекоза, бабочка, улитка, ящерица, медведь и ласка. В большинстве случаев они мотивированы христианскими именами Иоанн, Мария, Петр, Павел, Лавр и др. Рассмотренный материал позволил предложить новые гипотезы о происхождении отдельных слов, чья внутренняя форма признается затемненной: это словен. martȋnček 'ящерица' и укр. ра́ влик, ла́ врик 'улитка'. Пространственное распределение исследуемых лексем наглядно показано на прилагаемых к статье картах-схемах, составленных на основе материалов «Общеславянского лингвистического атласа».
Introducción: En el trabajo se relacionan las diferencias y semejanzas entre el Atlas Lingüístico de Cuba (ALCu) y el Atlas de Identidades del español de Cuba (AIECu), en el cual se ha comenzado a ...trabajar. Así mismo, se hacen notar los logros y desaciertos que, como cualquier obra humana tiene el ALCu. Métodos: En el AIECu se subsanarán estos desaciertos de la empresa inicial y se propone un nuevo análisis, transdisciplinar, desde la Teoría de la Complejidad. Se tendrán en cuenta las variables sociolingüísticas establecidas en el ALCu y se adicionan la raza, el nivel económico, la personalidad y emociones de los informantes. Resultados: Se diferencian los planos Real y Subjetivo / Cognitivo. Se investigarán los niveles siguientes: fonética segmental, prosodia, léxico, morfosintáctico, gestos y las situaciones signo. Conclusiones: Se propone una nueva unidad de análisis, el acto de habla interaccional (AHI) visto como unidad dinámica emergente.
The origins of linguistic diversity remain controversial. Studies disagree on whether group features such as population size or social structure accelerate or decelerate linguistic differentiation. ...While some analyses of between-group factors highlight the role of geographical isolation and reduced linguistic exchange in differentiation, others suggest that linguistic divergence is driven primarily by warfare among neighbouring groups and the use of language as marker of group identity. Here we provide the first integrated test of the effects of five historical sociodemographic and geographic variables on three measures of linguistic diversification among 50 Austronesian languages: rates of word gain, loss and overall lexical turnover. We control for their shared evolutionary histories through a time-calibrated phylogenetic sister-pairs approach. Results show that languages spoken in larger communities create new words at a faster pace. Within-group conflict promotes linguistic differentiation by increasing word loss, while warfare hinders linguistic differentiation by decreasing both rates of word gain and loss. Finally, we show that geographical isolation is a strong driver of lexical evolution mainly due to a considerable drift-driven acceleration in rates of word loss. We conclude that the motor of extreme linguistic diversity in Austronesia may have been the dispersal of populations across relatively isolated islands, favouring strong cultural ties amongst societies instead of warfare and cultural group marking.
Americanismos en Paraguay Navarro Carrasco, Ana Isabel
Revista Española de Lingüística,
01/2020, Letnik:
50, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
In this paper we analyze El español en Paraguay by Manuel Alvar. We untangle from the Atlas those Americanisms that Spanish speakers do not know, and we compare them with the ones collected in both ...the Diccionario of the Royal Academy of Spanish Language, and the Diccionario de Americanismos from the same institution. In addition, we have compared those words with the ones collected in current Paraguayan dictionaries. The result is that unknown voices in Spain – or terms whose location is hard to define in lexicographical works – come to light.
Analizamos El español en Paraguay de Manuel Alvar. Desentrañamos del Atlas aquellas voces que el hablante de España desconoce, los americanismos, y los cotejamos con el Diccionario de la Academia y con el Diccionario de Americanismos de la misma Institución. Además, las hemos comparado con los diccionarios paraguayos existentes. Todo ello para que salgan a la luz voces desconocidas en España o términos cuya localización es insuficiente en las obras lexicográficas.
The article analyses the motivation and wordformation structure of the name of the
(bot. Helianthus annuus L.) in dialects of Slavonic languages according to the data given in the Slavonic ...Linguistic Atlas and in the national dialectal atlases. The characteristic reaction of this plant of American origin to the sunlight motivated the emergence of its names with a wordstem, which is continuation of the Proto Slavonic stem *
in the entire Slavonic language territory. The wordformation type ‘derivative base + derivation suffix’ is typical for the West Slavonic, Slovenian, Ukrainian and Belarusian dialects. For Russian dialects, the characteristic wordformation model is ‘derivation prefix + derivative base + derivation suffix’. Composites like
,
, parallel to the structurally same Italian names
,
and Greek name
, are typical for dialects of the South Slavonic macroarea (except Slovenian and part of the Croatian dialects).
Current portrayals of Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) over the past 5,000 years are dominated by discussion of the Austronesian “farming/language dispersal,” with associated linguistic replacement, ...genetic clines, Neolithic “packages,” and social transformations. The alternative framework that we present improves our understanding of the nature of the Austronesian language dispersal from Taiwan and better accords with the population genetics, archaeological evidence, and crop domestication histories for ISEA. Genetic studies do not demonstrate that the dispersal of Austronesian languages through ISEA was associated with large‐scale displacement, replacement, or absorption of preexisting populations. Linguistic phylogenies for Austronesian languages do not support staged movement from Taiwan through the Philippines into Indo‐Malaysia; in addition, the lexical and grammatical structure of many Austronesian languages suggests significant interaction with pre‐Austronesian languages and cultures of the region. Archaeological evidence, including domestication histories for major food plants, indicates that ISEA was a zone of considerable maritime interaction before the appearance of Austronesian languages. Material culture dispersed through ISEA from multiple sources along a mosaic of regional networks. The archaeological evidence helps us to shape a new interpretative framework of the social and historical processes that more parsimoniously accounts for apparent discrepancies between genetic phylogenies and linguistic distributions and allows for more nuanced models of the dispersal of technologies and societies without reference to the farming/language dispersal hypothesis.
The aim of this paper is to interpret the data related toEl español en el Sur de Estados Unidosby ManuelAlvar. We untangle from the Atlas those words (Americanisms) which are unknown to Spanish ...speakers inSpain, either because they do not know them, or because they do not use them. In order to contemplate thoseexpressions, they have to be spoken in at least three locations within a larger area than the one studied by theatlas. We have also checked if they had been registered in theDictionary of the Royal Spanish Academyand/or intheDictionary of Americanismsof the Academy, as well as if they are used in the jargons of the areas of Texas,New Mexico, New Mexico and Southern Colorado. Finally, we demarcate the areas where each expressions isused
Interpretamos los datos allegados de El español en el Sur de Estados Unidos de Manuel Alvar. Desentrañamos del Atlas aquellas palabras desconocidas por el hablante de España, bien porque no conoce, bien porque no usa: los americanismos. Para darle carta de identidad a esas voces tienen que figurar en tres localidades, al menos. Ese ha sido nuestro criterio al escogerlas. Sabemos que cuando un término aparece en un lugar ocupa normalmente un área mayor de la que presenta el atlas. Después, cotejamos esas voces con el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española y con el Diccionario de americanismos de la Academia para ver si son registradas por estos diccionarios. También comprobamos los términos con los vocabularios de la zona: Texas, Nuevo Méjico, Nuevo Méjico y sur de Colorado. Finalmente, ofrecemos la zona que ocupa cada voz según las localidades en las que aparece
The article examines the strategies of rendering Lithuanian proper names in fifteen Belorussian-Lithuanian chronicles created in the 14th–18th centuries. Thirteen of them are written in the literary ...language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, based on East Slavic dialects, the other two are in Polish and Latin. The language of the chronicles was hardly influenced by Lithuanian, but each contains Lithuanian proper names, since the subject of the chronicles is the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Most of the proper names are pre-Christian Lithuanian two-stem personal names with some occurrence of toponyms, hydronyms and ethnonyms. The spelling of proper names can be explained by referring to the history of the Lithuanian language and dialectology. Scribes of Slavic origin typically replaced “foreign” Lithuanian sounds with approximate sounds of their native language. This allows the author to consistently trace the logic of rendering the Lithuanian vowels o and a, vocal diphthongs ai and au, mixed diphthongs an, al, and ir and several elements of the consonant system. Apart from that, the reflection of Lithuanian dialect features makes the Belorussian-Lithuanian chronicles a valuable source for the study of Lithuanian historical phonetics and dialectology. Even though in most cases the name rendering strategies reflect real phonetic phenomena, sometimes the form of a name is bound by tradition and the language of the translation source, which is supported by the fact that chronicles are written in both Cyrillic and Latin.
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