Cost asymmetry indicates that costs decrease to a lesser extent when sales decline than costs increase when sales rise by the same magnitude. This asymmetric sensitivity of costs to activity changes ...is denoted as "cost stickiness" (Anderson et al. in J Account Res 41:47-63, 2003). Prior studies on cost analysis identify resource adjustment costs and managerial discretion as fundamental drivers of asymmetric cost behavior. This study examines whether linguistically induced time perception arising from future time reference in languages relates to the asymmetric sensitivity of costs to activity changes. We find that asymmetric cost behavior is more pronounced for firms located in countries whose languages do not require future events to be grammatically marked. Our evidence suggests that time encoding in languages influences speakers' cognition, their resource adjustment decisions, and the cost behavior of firms they manage.
The relevance and novelty of the study is based on the material of the “Linguistic Atlas of the Vepsian Language” (St. Petersburg, 2019), an etymological and linguo-geographical analysis of terms ...important from the point of view of spiritual culture that characterize the group of wedding vocabulary. The terms in question (designations of a wedding, bride and groom) fit both in the cultural background and in the language processes that were reflected in the formation of the dialectal areas of the Veps language. The results of a comparative analysis indicate the impact of the Russian language on a significant group of Veps dialects, which led to the supplantation and replacement of the main terms of the wedding ceremony with Russian lexemes ( wedding, bridegroom, bride ). The study emphasizes the peculiarity of the eastern (Belozersky) dialects (the periphery of the Veps language range), which retained their own terms for the names of the analyzed concepts. It is shown that these dialects are characterized by the conservation of archaic characters, the presence of rare (in this case, sai) and etymologically darkened (oluh) lexical items, which so far have not been able to detect etymons in related languages. The authors believe that this fact, coupled with other features of dialects, may indicate traces of the substrate, the origins of which have yet to be clarified.
The Linguistic Survey of India (LSI), supervised by the Anglo-Irish linguist and civil servant George A. Grierson, surveyed and classified more than seven hundred languages and dialects. An integral ...part of the state-funded survey was mapping where languages were spoken in India, which resulted in the publication of 45 language maps between 1899 and 1927. As individual maps they are comparable to other thematic maps of the period. As a series of language maps, however, they are inconsistent in scale, colour, use of relief and labels, and depiction of boundaries. This paper argues that the inconsistency in presentation reflected the LSI's experimental approach to mapping language, trying to reconcile the approximate representation of a complex geographical phenomenon with the colonial state's expectation for accurate and up-to-date language maps.
Język jako społecznie ukształtowane narzędzie służące do komunikacji międzyludzkiej stanowi jeden z głównych wyróżników naszego gatunku, a zarazem podstawowy nośnik kultury. Główną dyscypliną naukową ...zajmującą się językami jest językoznawstwo, jednak również inne nauki mają swój udział w pogłębianiu wiedzy na ich temat. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na badanie języków z perspektywy geografii, próba wskazania, gdzie przebiega granica między dziedzinami badań geografii i językoznawstwa, a także usystematyzowanie nazw subdyscyplin zajmujących się badaniami na pograniczu tych dwóch dyscyplin. We wstępie pokrótce zarysowane są funkcje języka oraz trudności, jakie sprawia klasyfikowanie języków i dialektów. Następną część artykułu stanowi próba usystematyzowania terminologii związanej z badaniami prowadzonymi na pograniczu geografii i językoznawstwa poprzez analizę podobieństw i różnic między takimi pojęciami jak „geografia języków”, „goegrafia lingwistyczna” i „geolingwistyka”, a także ich angielskimi i francuskimi odpowiednikami. Stanowi to podstawę do stwierdzenia, na jakich płaszczyznach geografia i lingwistyka mogą się wzajemnie uzupełniać, a gdzie występują granice między oboma dyscyplinami. Na zakończenie pojawia się próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie są perspektywy geograficznych badań nad językami: czy geografia powinna współpracować z językoznawstwem i ewentualnie w jakim zakresie.
‘What is the difference between a language and a dialect?’ is one of the questions most frequently asked of linguists. A notorious and oft-repeated answer is ‘A language is a dialect with an army and ...navy’, wrongly attributed to Max Weinreich. Linguists have mostly used this witticism as a handy way to end the discussion and dismiss the distinction between language and dialect as a political question irrelevant to their discipline. This book does not attempt to answer this seemingly unsolvable puzzle either but aims to shed light on a simple fact usually overlooked by linguists and laypeople alike: the conceptual pair is not a timeless given but has a history, and a much shorter one than one might assume. It starts not in Greek antiquity, as the origin of the word dialect may suggest, but in the sixteenth century. Taking the Weinreich witticism as its starting point, this book guides the reader on the remarkable journey which the conceptual pair has made. It begins with the prehistory of the language/dialect distinction in antiquity and the Middle Ages. The core of the book surveys the emergence, establishment, and elaboration of the conceptual pair during the early modern period, from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, when linguistic diversity first became an object of intense study. Finally, the much-contested and ambiguous fate of the language / dialect distinction in modern linguistics is outlined, with special reference to the persistence of earlier ideas and the rise to prominence of the political interpretation crystallized in the Weinreich quip.
So-called NEW ENGLISHES, distinct forms of English which have emerged in postcolonial settings and countries around the globe, have typically been regarded individually, as unique varieties shaped by ...idiosyncratic historical conditions and contact settings, and no coherent theory to account for these processes has been developed so far. This article argues that despite all obvious dissimilarities, a fundamentally uniform developmental process, shaped by consistent sociolinguistic and language-contact conditions, has operated in the individual instances of rerooting the English language in another territory. At the heart of this process there are characteristic stages of identity construction by the groups involved, with similar relationships between the parties in migration contact settings (i.e. the indigenous population and immigrant groups, respectively) having resulted in analogous processes of mutual accommodation and, consequently, similar sociolinguistic and structural outcomes. Outlining a basic developmental scenario, I suggest that speech communities typically undergo five consecutive phases in this process-foundation, exonormative stabilization, nativization, endonormative stabilization, and differentiation-and I describe the sociolinguistic characteristics of each one. This framework is then applied to case studies of seven different countries (Fiji, Hong Kong, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Australia, and New Zealand) which, I argue, are currently positioned at different points along the developmental cycle.
La preposición y adverbio latino ULTRĀ pasó a los romances peninsulares con distinta fuerza. En este trabajo, a partir del análisis de todos los casos de ultra (y sus variantes gráficas vltra y ...hultra y formales oltra y oltras) en lengua romance desde el siglo XIII hasta el XVII a través de tres extensos y reconocidos corpus, CHARTA, CORDE y Biblia Medieval, mostraremos dicha evolución. Se atienden en este estudio, además, a cuestiones relativas a la geografía lingüística y a la tipología textual. Los datos extraídos se ordenan siguiendo un criterio de acepciones que hemos desarrollado ex profeso.
Updating dialect maps requires extensive language surveys. Geographic methods can be applied to identify relatively stable boundaries of dialect and subdialect areas, allowing language surveys to ...focus on boundaries that may change and thereby reduce survey costs. Certain scholars have pointed out that the watershed boundary can be employed as the boundary of Tibetan dialect areas. This paper adds that the lowest-grade road breakpoint line and no-man’s-land boundary can also be used as essential indicators for determining stable (sub)dialect area boundaries. Combined with the revised First Law of Geography and the method of superposition analysis of geographic elements, this study identifies indicators that affect the stability of the Tibetan (sub)dialect area boundaries and evaluates the stability of each boundary segment. Due to the particularity of the study area, most Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (Chinese part) (sub)dialect area boundaries are stable. In addition, boundary inaccuracies caused by defects in the distribution of language survey samples can be identified by geographic approaches.
Many language change studies aim for a partial revisitation, i.e., selecting survey sites from previous dialect studies. The central issue of survey site reduction, however, has often been addressed ...only qualitatively. Cluster analysis offers an innovative means of identifying the most representative survey sites among a set of original survey sites. In this paper, we present a general methodology for finding representative sites for an intended study, potentially applicable to any collection of data about dialects or linguistic variation. We elaborate the quantitative steps of the proposed methodology in the context of the “Linguistic Atlas of Japan” (LAJ). Next, we demonstrate the full application of the methodology on the “Linguistic Atlas of German-speaking Switzerland” (
Germ.:
“Sprachatlas der Deutschen Schweiz”—SDS), with the explicit aim of selecting survey sites corresponding to the aims of the current project “Swiss German Dialects Across Time and Space” (SDATS), which revisits SDS 70 years later. We find that depending on the circumstances and requirements of a study, the proposed methodology, introducing cluster analysis into the survey site reduction process, allows for a greater objectivity in comparison to traditional approaches. We suggest, however, that the suitability of any set of candidate survey sites resulting from the proposed methodology be rigorously revised by experts due to potential incongruences, such as the overlap of objectives and variables across the original and intended studies and ongoing dialect change.
Promatra se mogućnost geolingvističkog pristupa dijalektnoj frazeologiji. Kао
glavni problem ističe se neujednačena istraženost. Da bi se izradile pouzdane
i potpunije frazeološke karte, trebalo bi ...timskim radom ciljano istraživati na
terenu da neka područja ne ostanu potpuno nepokrivena. Uz označavanje
potvrđenosti na terenu, na kartama se pokazuje i diferenciranost frazema u
hrvatskim govorima na različitim jezičnim razinama. Razmatra se što bi bilo
dobro uzeti u obzir da bi se što zornije prikazale frazemske inačice.
PDF
