A Linguistic Handbook of French for Translators and Language Students offers the reader an in-depth contrastive study of French and English based on recent theories of linguistics and discourse ...analysis.
Šio straipsnio objektas – precedentinių vardų sklaida reklamoje. Precedentinių vardų aktualizavimo reklamoje ypatybės aptariamos pasitelkus empirinę medžiagą: reklamą, kurios vaizde ar tekste ...aktualizuojamos precedentinėmis laikytinos asmenybės. Vienas precedentinių fenomenų erdvės elementų – precedentinis vardas (PV) – individualus, glaudžiai sietinas su plačiai žinomu tekstu ar precedentine situacija. PV atstovauja savo rūšies ženklui, vartosenoje precedentiniu vardu atkreipiamas dėmesys į diferencinius jo požymius. Straipsnyje apžvelgiama ir įvertinama obsceniška PV atribucijos raiška reklamoje, apžvelgiamos su PV aktualizacija sietinos socialinės stigmos ir metasmurto sąvokos ir analizuojami teigiamo ir neigiamo ženklo asmenybių aktualizacijos reklamoje pranašumai bei trūkumai. Remiantis vaizdo eksploatacijos viešajame diskurse teorija (Baudrillard), daroma prielaida, kad visos reklamos, kuriose aktualizuojami itin neigiamą invariantą turintys PV, priskirtinos obsceniškoms, kryptingai siekiančioms šokiruoti. Remiantis asocijuotosios stigmos (Goffman) sąvoka, aptariama neigiamą invariantą turinčio PV aktualizacijos įtaka pristatomo produkto įvaizdžiui. Teoriškai obscenišku straipsnyje laikomas kiekvienas PV aktualizacijos reklamoje atvejis (PV pasirinkimas reklamos subjektu visuomet – galimas, bet nebūtinas), tačiau įvertinimas priklauso nuo konkretaus reklamos pavyzdžio. Reklamoje aktualizuotino PV pasirinkimas – subtilus dalykas: aktualizuota neigiamą invariantą turinti asmenybė gali papiktinti auditoriją ir pakenkti produkto įvaizdžiui, teigiamą invariantą turinčios asmenybės aktualizacija taip pat gali sukelti neigiamą adresato reakciją, nes gerbiama asmenybė dažniausiai nuasmeninama iki stereotipinės karikatūros. Istorinės asmenybės reklamoje aktualizuojamos dažniau nei amžininkai, išimtis – politikai, kurie reklamoje šaržuojami, vaizduojami nekorektiškai ir nepagarbiai. Neigiamą invariantą turintį PV reklamoje renkamasi dažniausiai: tokia aktualizacija pernelyg nepapiktins auditorijos, tačiau asociacija su neigiamą invariantą turinčiu PV gali pakenkti produkto įvaizdžiui. Apibendrinant reklamos adresanto poziciją, teigtina, kad reklamos objekto ir subjekto loginio ryšio stoka, netinkamas reklamos personažų (PV) pasirinkimas, pernelyg didelis supaprastinimas ir adresato gebėjimo atpažinti PV nuvertinimas liudija menką kūrėjų kompetenciją aktualizuoti PV.
The paper notes that while grammars and other linguistic works assume that not precedes the infinitive marker to in English, one can quite often encounter the reverse ordering, to not. The second ...section provides an overview of the relevant literature. The third section compares spoken data from the British National Corpus and the Spoken BNC2014, and analyzes the written data from the Corpus of Historical American English, concluding that the frequency of to not (relative to not to) has indeed been rising significantly in recent decades. The fourth section attempts to identify some factors underlying this change, most importantly chunking and potential semantic differentiation. It is suggested that chunking might be an especially important factor affecting the change, but further analysis is needed, relying on more advanced statistical methods.
U radu je dan pregled područja povezanog s procesiranjem prirodnih jezika i njihova međusobnog odnosa, počevši od šire domene kao što je umjetna inteligencija, putem strojnog učenja, računalne ...lingvistike, metoda strojnog prevođenja te posebice onih zasnovanim na dubokom učenju. Opisane su karakteristike, primjene, faze i glavni problemi obrade prirodnih jezika s leksičke, sintaktičke, semantičke, govorne i pragmatičke perspektive. Opisane su faze prepoznavanja i analize prirodnog jezika kao i faza generiranja prirodnih jezika. Postupci pre-editinga i post-editinga uz korištenje kontroliranih prirodnih jezika dani su kao primjeri prakse kojom se povećava točnost i kvaliteta automatskog prevođenja i općenito procesiranja teksta. Poseban je fokus stavljen na strojno prevođenje te metode strojnog prevođenja. Pristupi strojnom prevođenju kao statistički, temeljen na pravilima, hibridni i pristup temeljen na dubokom učenju opisani su i predstavljeni s obzirom na njihove prednosti i nedostatke i prikladnu primjenu u praksi. Na kraju su dani još uvijek neriješeni izazovi kao smjer daljnjih istraživanja vezanih uz obradu prirodnih jezika te značaj razvoja pristupa temeljenog na dubokom učenju.
The paper provides an overview of areas related to the processing of natural languages and their interrelationships, starting from a broader
domain such as artificial intelligence, through machine learning, computational linguistics, machine translation methods and especially those based on deep learning. The characteristics, applications, phases and main problems of natural language processing from the lexical, syntactic, semantic, speech and pragmatic perspective
are described. The phases of natural language recognition and analysis
as well as the natural language generation phase are described. Pre-editing and post-editing procedures using controlled natural languages are given as examples of practices that increase the accuracy
and quality of automatic translation and text processing in general. Special focus is given to machine translation and machine translation methods. Approaches to machine translation as statistical, rule-based, example-based, hybrid and deep learning-based approach are described and discussed with regard to their advantages and disadvantages including appropriate application in practice. In the end, still unresolved challenges are given as a direction of future research related to natural language processing and the importance of further development of a deep learning-based approach.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. This clear and comprehensive textbook is the most up-to-date introduction to the subject available for undergraduate students. It not only equips ...students with the concepts they need in order to understand the main aspects of semantics, it also introduces the styles of reasoning and argument which characterise the field. It contains more than 200 exercises and discussion questions designed to test and deepen readers' understanding. More inclusive than other textbooks, it clearly explains and contrasts different theoretical approaches, summarises current debates, and provides helpful suggestions for further reading. Examples are drawn both from major world languages, such as Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Spanish and English, and from minority ones. The book also highlights the connections between semantics and the wider study of human language in psychology, anthropology, and linguistics itself.
This book explains the concept, framework, implementation, and evaluation of controlled document authoring in this age of translation technologies. Machine translation (MT) is routinely used in many ...situations, by companies, governments, and individuals. Despite recent advances, MT tools are still known to be imperfect, sometimes producing critical errors. To enhance the performance of MT, researchers and language practitioners have developed controlled languages that impose restrictions on the form or length of the source-language text. However, a fundamental, persisting problem is that both current MT systems and controlled languages deal only with the sentence as the unit of processing. To be effective, controlled languages must be contextualised at the document level, consequently enabling MT to generate outputs appropriate for their functional context within the target document. With a specific focus on Japanese municipal documents, this book establishes a framework for controlled document authoring by integrating various research strands including document formalisation, controlled language, and terminology management. It then presents the development and evaluation of an authoring support system, MuTUAL, that is designed to help non-professional writers create well-organised documents that are both readable and translatable. The book provides useful insights for researchers and practitioners interested in translation technology, technical writing, and natural language processing applications.
In the article I compare expressions of translational motion in Finnish texts and their Czech translation. The semantic analysis of verbs of motion is based on Talmy (2001, 2003) and I establish ...which components of a motion event (path, direction, goal, figure, manner) are essential when expressing motion events in the two languages and by what means they can be expressed. I also compare the results of my analysis with Talmyan typology of satellite-framed and verb-framed languages. I conclude that in Finnish many frequent motion verbs express aspects of path together with adverbial expressions, whereas in Czech verbs express manner more often than in Finnish. Finnish and Czech also use differing anchorings of the direction of motion — in Czech the direction is anchored with respect to explicitly mentioned surroundings; in Finnish deictic motion verbs are in frequent use and also several means of anchoring may be used in one clause (for example by a deictic motion verb and an adverbial or by several adverbials).
The noun shimu (师母 ‘ teacher’s wife’) is defined in Chinese as a so-called honorific, i.e., chengweiyu (称谓语), one of many honorifics used in academic and educational contexts. We analyze this word ...through Chinese philology (wenzixue, 文字学), that is, the science of written language and characters, and through anthropological linguistics. The use of honorifics in Chinese culture is based on the Chinese concept of politeness, Confucian philosophy, and the understanding of hierarchy in Chinese society. In the end, we give a brief overview of the need to learn and acquire certain pragmatic (as well as anthropolinguistic) information about the honorific shimu (师母) when learning Chinese as a foreign language (some of this information is applicable in the use of other honorifics in the Chinese language). We also provide a short review of how this honorific is viewed in scholarship on Chinese culture, traditionally, and in modern Chinese society (especially in the context of the use of gender-sensitive language), as well as a short analysis of the frequency of use of the honorific shimu, based on examples from BCC, a contemporary Chinese corpus developed by the Beijing Language and Culture University.
U radu se analiziraju teorijsko-metodološke osnove suvremenoga pristupa nastavi stranoga jezika struke. Brojni utjecaji koji su izgradili taj pristup sagledani su u meðupovezanosti sinkronijske i ...dijakronijske razine u svjetlu smjene dviju znanstvenih paradigmi koje su obilježile 20. i 21. stoljeće: strukturalizma i kognitivizma. Znanje o teorijskoj i metodološkoj pozadini suvremene nastave u ovome području tvori siguran oslonac u suočavanju s izazovima ove zahtjevne profesije kao i za kritičko i promišljeno vrednovanje novih trendova i njihovo integriranje u nastavu u okolnostima brzih društvenih promjena suvremenoga tehnološkog doba. Cilj je rada analizirati složenu mrežu utjecaja koji utiru evolucijski put ove discipline prema suvremenosti ne zanemarujući pritom i najsuvremenije trendove koji ju neprestano oblikuju i pridonose njezinome daljnjem razvoju. Rezultati analize pokazuju da je suvremeni pristup nastavi u ovome području sinteza bogatoga nasljeða društveno-povijesnih okolnosti i interdisciplinarnih utjecaja izmeðu kojih ključnu ulogu imaju kognitivna psihologija i kognitivna lingvistika. Rad argumentira primjenjivost temeljnih kognitivno-lingvističkih postavki na teorijska istraživanja jezika raznih struka kao i njihovih nazivlja te njihovo integriranje u nastavni proces kao osnove budućega razvoja.
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