Geostatistical methods are utilized to analyze and predict values associated with spatial or spatiotemporal phenomena. These techniques incorporate both the spatial and, in some cases, temporal ...coordinates of the data. The mining industry prefers these methods for ore reserve estimation, and they have also gained popularity in other specialized fields. Notably, the transportation industry is gradually adopting them to estimate annual average daily traffic (AADT). Although researchers use various predictive techniques to estimate AADT, many of them are experiential or based on simple subjective assessments, especially for low-volume roadways. The shortcomings of these assessment techniques include high margins of error, non-integrated spatial and temporal variability in the datasets, and inadequate consideration of total coverage. Geostatistical techniques are superior predictive tools in many fields because their algorithms account for these limitations. Moreover, geostatistical methods can predict data at both sampled and unsampled locations with minimal available data. Therefore, the crucial question arises as to which method best estimates AADT. This paper focuses on investigating linear univariate geostatistical methods, namely empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK), ordinary Kriging (OK), simple Kriging (SK), and universal Kriging (UK), along with proportional valuations, to estimate AADT on low-volume roadways and provides a recommendation based on the findings. The study utilizes AADT data from 1,486 and 2,731 locations on low-volume roads throughout Minnesota in 2009 and 2016, respectively. The results obtained from this investigation hold significant systematic and practical implications for estimating AADT on low-volume roads and can be adapted for high-volume roadways as well.
Technological advances with connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) have opened opportunities to increase the efficiency of transportation networks. A novel control framework called combined ...flexible lane assignment and reservation-based intersection control (CFLARIC) system has been recently proposed for better management of directionally unrestricted CAVs traffic flows in an urban environment. CFLARIC offers a full spectrum of lane assignment possibilities in combination with the appropriate reservation-based intersection control. In CFLARIC, vehicles position themselves in a proper lane before they reach the downstream intersection, which enables resolution of vehicular conflicts both between intersections and within the intersection boxes. Although CFLARIC has shown promising results, only a limited number of lane assignment scenarios have been designed and tested using some preset rules and based on the previous research objectives. Therefore, the optimality of their performance has never been studied. The objective of this study is to address the flexible traffic lane assignment in such a system as a network optimization problem, in which an optimal lane assignment schema is achieved using metaheuristic optimization algorithms. To this end, a combination of NetLogo and the BehaviorSearch tool is utilized for the simulation modeling and optimization process using random search and brute-force as the search algorithms. The output of the optimization process is the lane assignment that leads to a minimum total travel time for a given network geometry and traffic volumes. Results indicate that a flexible control concept such as optimized CFLARIC has great potential to improve the efficiency of traffic control strategies with CAVs.
A scheme for conflict resolution with trajectory recovery is proposed to solve the problem of multi-aircraft flight conflict. First, the conflict resolution problem is modeled as an optimal control ...problem. The weighted sum of the speed change and the heading angle change is defined as the objective function. The limitations of distance, aircraft performance, and route width are taken as constraints. Second, the optimization problem is resolved by mixed integer nonlinear programming. Conflict resolution with trajectory recovery is then achieved by speed and heading angle changing three times based on the optimal solution; whether the speed and heading angle need to be changed depends on the corresponding weight coefficients in the objective function. Finally, the applicability and superiority of the designed conflict resolution scheme are verified, which is of great significance to the application of conflict resolution with trajectory recovery schemes in automated air traffic control systems.
For signalized locations, delay is one of the key parameters in assessing the level of service and redesigning the traffic signals. Around the world, Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) and Webster delay ...models are commonly used in calculating the vehicle delay at signalized intersections, notwithstanding that these models assume homogeneous traffic conditions and lane discipline. Furthermore, it is worth noting that previous studies have mostly focused on developing delay models for signalized intersections, whereas signalized midblock crosswalks were overlooked by past researchers. In view of this, the current study presents a modified vehicle delay model for signalized midblock crosswalks (SMCs) under mixed traffic conditions. Mixed traffic conditions refers to diverse vehicles, complex interactions, and no lane discipline on the road—conditions which are usually noticed in developing nations. The HCM vehicle delay model is modified in the current study by incorporating factors related to mixed traffic conditions and SMCs. To test the accuracy of the proposed model, it was validated with the field delay using data collected at other SMCs in Hyderabad, India. Field delay was calculated by plotting the measured queue length against the signal cycle length. The performance metrics of root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio, and percent bias were used to test the accuracy of the proposed model. Results revealed that the proposed model yielded the lowest error rates and the highest correlation coefficients between modeled and actual vehicle delay. The maximum error between the field delay and the modeled delay was found to be less than 5%.
Regional perimeter control based on the existence of macroscopic fundamental diagrams has been widely studied as an effective tool to regulate traffic and prevent oversaturation in dense urban areas. ...Significant research efforts have been performed concerning the modeling aspects of perimeter control. More recently, data-driven techniques for perimeter control have shown remarkable promise; however, few studies have examined the transferability of these techniques. While it is surely of the highest priority to devise effective perimeter control methods, the ability of such methods to transfer the learned knowledge and quickly adapt control policies to a new setting is critical, particularly in real-life situations where training a method from scratch is intractable. This work seeks to bridge this research gap by comprehensively examining the effectiveness and transferability of a reinforcement-learning-based perimeter control method for a two-region urban network in a microsimulation setting. The results suggest: 1) the presented data-driven method demonstrates promising control effectiveness in comparison with no perimeter control and an extended greedy controller and 2) the method can readily transfer its learned knowledge and adapt its control policy with newly collected data to simulation settings with different traffic demands, driving behaviors, or both.
In recent years, with the introduction of national, provincial and municipal policies, rules and regulations, and the introduction of big data technology, drug control personnel have further ...increased their awareness of data. However, in practice, how to carefully control drugs and make full use of big data technology to improve the level of control has become a new confusion for drug control personnel. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study the platform of auxiliary drug control based on big data. Based on the actual situation of drug use, this paper analyzes the main problems in the process of drug control, and designs an auxiliary drug control platform based on big data. The auxiliary drug management and control platform based on big data proposed in this paper can collect data in real time, comprehensively analyze all kinds of information, and realize intelligent management and improve the efficiency of each specific application scenario. In this paper, through the research of drug use management and control platform, doctors can get scientific guidance in formulating drug use plan, and the efficiency of drug query is improved by about 80% compared with the traditional plan. At the same time, the drug use plan can be improved in time according to the patient's illness development in the process of drug use, which promotes the rational and standardized clinical application of drugs.
Cel pracy Głównym celem publikacji jest analiza znaczenia i roli Europejskiego Trybunału Obrachunkowego w systemie zarządzania i kontroli wydatkowania środków pochodzących z budżetu Unii ...Europejskiej. Podstawową tezą publikacji jest twierdzenie, że Europejski Trybunał Obrachunkowy jest instytucją audytową i funkcjonuje w ramach systemu audytu. Ponadto umiejscowienie Europejskiego Trybunału Obrachunkowego wśród instytucji audytowych niesie ze sobą konieczność innego postrzegania tej instytucji. Celem deskryptywnym publikacji jest pokazanie powiązania pomiędzy ETO jako instytucją audytu a zaufaniem, jakie posiada, oraz analizą czy funkcjonując jako instytucja audytowa ma większy wpływ na właściwe wydatkowanie środków publicznych pochodzących z budżetu UE, niż będąc instytucją kontrolną. Materiał i metody Poprzez charakterystykę instytucji audytu oraz przedstawienie zakresu zadań i kompetencji ETO, opierając się na metodzie dogmatyczno-prawnej, jak również teoretyczno-prawnej oraz w niewielkim stopniu historyczno-prawnej autorka wykazuje, iż ETO nie jest, jak się powszechnie klasyfikuje w polskiej doktrynie prawa, instytucją kontrolą. Wyniki Przedstawiono że ETO nie jest instytucją kontrolną jak powszechnie się wykazuje w doktrynie prawa. Wnioski Przedstawiona powyżej analiza wykazuje funkcje i zadania ETO jako instytucji audytowej. Stąd też niezbędne jest uporządkowanie nomenklatury i klasyfikacji ETO w polskiej doktrynie prawa.
Objectives The main objective of the publication is to analyse the significance and role of the European Court of Auditors in the system of management and control of the spending of funds from the European Union budget. The basic thesis of the publication is that the European Court of Auditors is an audit institution and functions within an audit system. Furthermore, the positioning of the European Court of Auditors among audit institutions brings with it a different perception of the institution. The descriptive aim of the publication is to show the link between the ECA as an audit institution and the trust it enjoys, and to analyse whether, by functioning as an audit institution, it has a greater influence on the proper spending of public funds from the EU budget then by being a control institution. Material and methods By characterising the audit institution and presenting the scope of ECA's tasks and competences, based on the dogmatic-legal as well as the theoretical-legal and, to a small extent, the historical-legal method, the author shows that ECA is not, as it is commonly classified in the Polish legal doctrine, a control institution. Results It was submitted that the ECA is not a controlling institution as commonly shown in the legal doctrine. Conclusions The analysis presented above demonstrates the functions and tasks of ECA as an audit institution. Iit is necessary to sort out the nomenclature and classification of ECAs in the Polish legal doctrine.
Design methods to transform actual aircraft propulsion systems into hybrid, and to analyze the performance must be developed. Present work details the first approach of a preliminary design method ...and evaluation of a hybrid-electric power-train for a conventional airplane. High fidelity models of the components are developed based on the physical relations of the involved variables. The main characteristics of the chosen aircraft with conventional propulsion on a typical mission are the inputs of an application developed in SUAVE, which renders aerodynamic variables for the design process. The turboprop engines of the conventional and hybrid (in parallel architecture) systems are modeled in GasTurb. The propeller is modeled using blade element momentum theory (BEMT) on the software JBlade. The first simulation results are used to calculate the initial power-train electrical components characteristics. Modeling results in steady state conditions are inputs of a code developed in MatLab, a design optimization algorithm that calculates the base characteristics of the optimal hybrid motor components. The method was tested employing the gas turbine TR5000 on turbo-prop configuration as the engine of the hybrid set. The aircraft EMB–120 ‘Brasilia’ was the airplane of this application, aiming to characterize the most important outcomes from this multidisciplinary approach.
Purpose
Since the introduction of balanced scorecard by Kaplan and Norton in 1992, it garnered considerable research and practice attention across disciplines. Using bibliometric analysis, this study ...examines trends in balanced scorecard research in last 20 years and identifies future areas of research.
Design/methodology/approach
The Web of Science database was used to extract research papers from the 2003 to 2023 period with “Balanced Scorecard” as topic. The final sample consisted of 445 articles. Trends and patterns were analyzed using bibliometric analysis through research profiling and thematic analysis.
Findings
The findings reveal that BSC, spanning across disciplines, including business and operations, has enriched the theory and practice of BSC research. Analytical and survey methods were more prevalent than primary studies. Scholars from the USA and the UK have made noteworthy contributions to balanced scorecard research. Emerging themes include integrating human resources, sustainability, subjectivity in performance evaluation and non-financial performance indicators in BSC for better strategic decision-making.
Practical implications
The study would inspire researchers to generate new research questions and hypotheses and help in identifying gaps in the current knowledge base and areas where further investigation is needed. Managers would gain useful insights into performance management by studying the BSC research evolution to find a fit for modern-day industry needs.
Originality/value
The authors’ contribution fills the void by providing useful account of extent research over last 20 years using bibliometric analysis and motivate future research directions.
Objective To address the issues of delayed, ineffective communication of information and declining instructions among various stakeholders during metro project construction, it is necessary to ...improve data integration, storage, and transmission in comprehensive monitoring system through digitalization and intelligent means. A DCCMS (digitalized construction-site comprehensive monitoring system) is established. Method Taking the construction of Guangzhou Rail Transit Line 3 East Extension project and the DCCMS for synchronous implementation of general contracting project as the research object, the construction content and overall architecture under metro project general contracting mode are outlined. The types and characteristics of users at construction management level, frontline management level, operation-maintenance management level are elaborated. Targeted designs for communication networks and functional scenes in the perception layer are conducted. The innovation in key technologies such as big da
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