This article presents a cradle-to-grave (C2G) assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs for current (2015) and future (2025–2030) light-duty vehicles. The analysis addressed both fuel ...cycle and vehicle manufacturing cycle for the following vehicle types: gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), flex fuel vehicles, compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Gasoline ICEVs using current technology have C2G emissions of ∼450 gCO2e/mi (grams of carbon dioxide equivalents per mile), while C2G emissions from HEVs, PHEVs, H2 FCEVs, and BEVs range from 300–350 gCO2e/mi. Future vehicle efficiency gains are expected to reduce emissions to ∼350 gCO2/mi for ICEVs and ∼250 gCO2e/mi for HEVs, PHEVs, FCEVs, and BEVs. Utilizing low-carbon fuel pathways yields GHG reductions more than double those achieved by vehicle efficiency gains alone. Levelized costs of driving (LCDs) are in the range $0.25–$1.00/mi depending on time frame and vehicle-fuel technology. In all cases, vehicle cost represents the major (60–90%) contribution to LCDs. Currently, HEV and PHEV petroleum-fueled vehicles provide the most attractive cost in terms of avoided carbon emissions, although they offer lower potential GHG reductions. The ranges of LCD and cost of avoided carbon are narrower for the future technology pathways, reflecting the expected economic competitiveness of these alternative vehicles and fuels.
The Green & Lean Manufacturing organisational strategy emphasises waste and environmental impact reduction, efficiency increase, quality improvement, and cycle time reduction by eliminating ...non-value-added activities. Usually, companies adopt the Manufacturing Cycle Efficiency indicator to identify and make improvements to meet Lean Manufacturing requirements. This work proposes an innovative approach based on Multiple Criteria Data Envelopment Analysis to calculate a new indicator, hereby called Value-Added Activities in Manufacturing Processes, to measure the efficiency of productive processes through Green Manufacturing concepts. This new indicator was applied in a company with the purpose of validating and testing it. The Levene's test was used to statistically validate the proposed procedure. As an immediate advantage of this new indicator, it was possible for managers to insert more information, such as incorporating aspects associated with Green Manufacturing, in the calculation of the Manufacturing Cycle Efficiency, making it more consistent and representative of what is happening in practice. Among this additional piece of information on the real processes analysed, it is worth mentioning, for example, the volume of scrap generated, the amount of sales invoicing, the quantity of work in process, and the quantity of finished products in stock. Specialists in Green & Lean Manufacturing, managers of the studied company, validated the results of the new indicator because they observed greater adherence to the practice of these new calculated values, when compared to the traditionally adopted calculations. Also highlighted, are other advantages of the new indicator such as the establishment of an efficiency ranking between the productive processes analysed and the determination of feasible goals to turn processes identified as inefficient into efficient ones.
3D printing (3DP) and data analytics are emerging technologies of today's manufacturing enterprises and have a great attraction in their development. A great amount of real-time data of product ...manufacturing cycle (PMC) is generated which needs to be properly stored and evaluated. In the present study, an architecture of data analytics for product manufacturing cycle of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique of 3D printing was proposed. By using this architecture, data accessibility and 3DP product related knowledge had been realized. Concentrating on FDM method of the PMC, the main technologies were established to implement the data analytics. A case study was presented for architecture verification and discussed in details. It is concluded that the projected architecture helped manufacturers and customers, and also beneficial for improvement of product quality with the enhancement in productivity.
This article explores the important role of traditional shipyards in the global maritime industry, covering aspects of construction, repair, and maintenance. With the advent of faster manufacturing ...techniques, traditional shipyards face important challenges, such as planning errors, coordination problems, delivery delays, and underutilization of technology, which results in high costs, reduced productivity, and prolonged projects. The application of Manufacturing Cycle Efficiency (MCE) emerged as an important solution to significantly increase production efficiency. MCE empowers shipyards to deal effectively with waste, bottlenecks, and disruptions, thereby increasing performance, competitiveness, and profitability. Using a comprehensive approach that uses both qualitative and quantitative methods, including field surveys, and in-depth interviews in the traditional shipyard industry, this research identifies Nonvalue-Added (NVA) processes, conducts process mapping, and calculates MCE. The findings reported in this article underscore the significant wastage in the production process, indicating an urgent need for improvement, given the current average MCE value of 67.08%, indicating considerable room for improvement. This article provides innovative perspectives on optimizing the traditional shipyard industry through production cycle efficiencies while offering actionable recommendations. Key focus areas include integrating management systems, adopting advanced technologies, and implementing sustainable strategies to improve MCE, especially by reducing nonvalue-added time wastage, such as inspection and storage. By implementing strategies that optimize production, minimize waste, and overcome the challenges of global competition, this research contributes to improving MCE. In conclusion, this study is an invaluable guide for industry stakeholders, enabling them to enhance their competitiveness and adapt effectively to a dynamic business environment.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan bukti empiris mengenai penerapan Manufacturing Cycle Effectiveness (MCE) sebagai alat ukur dalam mengurangi aktivitas tidak bernilai tambah (non-value-added ...activities) pada produksi gula kristal putih Pabrik Gula (PG) Kanigoro Madiun tahun 2013 dan 2014. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan data primer berupa informasi-informasi aktivitas dan waktu produksi yang dikumpulkan melalui metode wawancara dan observasi. Sedangkan data sekunder berupa laporan kinerja produksi dan rencana kerja anggaran perusahaan (RKAP).Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar aktivitas pada produksi gula kristal putih di PG Kanigoro Madiun masih memuat aktivitas tidak bernilai tambah (non-value-added activities). Hal ini dibuktikan dengan hasil perhitungan Manufacturing Cycle Effectiveness (MCE) pada tahun 2013 dan 2014 masing-masing sebesar 96,59% dan 97,19%, sehingga persentase non-value-added activities pada tahun 2013 dan 2014 masing-masing sebesar 3,41% dan 2,81%. Adanya aktivitas tidak bernilai tambah disebabkan tata letak pabrikasi yang dirasa kurang efektif. Jarak antar mesin produksi dengan stamp floor mengakibatkan munculnya aktivitas inspeksi, perpindahan dan waktu tunggu. Oleh karena itu, perusahaan perlu memilih alternatif perbaikan kinerja melalui pengurangan, eliminasi, maupun substitusi aktivitas sehingga cost effectiveness dapat tercapai.
Facing global market’s rigid competition, today’s manufacturers need not only to satisfy the timely demands of multiproduct, but also to ensure quality of their goods. For the purpose of reducing ...fabrication cycle time so as to meet timely demands, outsourcing is always a helpful option in production planning. To address the aforementioned real issues, the present study derives the optimal common manufacturing cycle length for a multi-product inventory system, wherein a part of lot-size of each end product is supplied by an outside contractor, and in each cycle a rework process repairs random defects produced by the in-house process. The schedule of receipt time for outsourced items is practically assumed to be in the end of rework. A specific decision model is built to cautiously portray such a hybrid inventory problem. Through modeling, analysis, and derivation the expected annual system cost is obtained, and using optimization technique the optimal cycle length that minimizes system cost is gained. The proposed decision model not only can help find optimal solution to the problem, but also enables manufacturers to obtain diverse essential information, such as the critical outsourcing rate, individual manufacturing related cost for each end product, and influence or joint effects of variations in different system factor(s) on the problem. Without our in-depth exploration, the aforementioned information will still be unavailable to support managerial decision makings.
In this paper, the issue of product development in unit manufacturing is addressed, which has specificity in the number of produced units. This type of production is characterized by a high volume of ...labor and involves a relatively long production cycle, requiring a universal endowment and a multi-skilled workforce. This type of product is specifically custom manufacturing, the product, which is not available at the time of order and requires a deadline. Based on a case study, the paper proposes a model to approach this type of production.
In order to avoid costly retrieving of equipment on their end of life, the designers should state the recovery, remanufacturing and recycling procedures, before specifying their structural ...characteristics. Taking into account effectively the recycling capacity of equipment even since the design stage, enhances both the industrial ecology by rational use of natural resources and energy and the waste reducing. The remanufacturing of the technological equipment may be significantly increased by their projecting and design towards remanufacturing, looking for the principles of durable development.
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