Methicillin resistance in staphylococci is due to an acquired penicillin-binding protein, PBP2' (PBP2a). This additional PBP, encoded by mecA, confers an intrinsic resistance to all beta-lactams and ...their derivatives. Resistance levels in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) depend on efficient PBP2' production and are modulated by chromosomal factors. Depending on the genetic background of the strain that acquired mecA, resistance levels range from phenotypically susceptible to highly resistant. Characteristic for most MRSA is the heterogeneous expression of resistance, which is due to the segregation of a more highly resistant subpopulation upon challenge with methicillin. Maximal expression of resistance by PBP2' requires the efficient and correct synthesis of the peptidoglycan precursor. Genes involved in cell-wall precursor formation and turnover, regulation, transport, and signal transduction may determine the level of resistance that is expressed. At this stage, however, there is no information available on the functionality or efficacy of such factors in clinical isolates in relation to methicillin resistance levels.
In Colombia, public management requires a managerial transformation that facilitates the State to implement policies focused on improving the quality of life of citizens. The lack of techniques for ...management integration in public entities drives the research that leads to the design of a methodology for integration management. With a mixed approach and a sequential exploratory scope, the existing correlation between the requirements of the technical standards ISO 9001: 2015 (QMS), ISO 14001: 2015 (EMS) and the normative models Decree 1072 of 2015 (OHSMS), MECI: 2014 (Internal Control Standard Model) and MIPG: 2012 (Planning and Management Integrated Model), obtaining as a result the correlation matrix, product of the bibliographic review and the critical reading of the technical standards and the normative models of the State. From this correlation matrix, descriptive contents were developed, taken as a basis for the construction of perception surveys, applying statistical methods that support the degree of correlation of the requirements through Spearman´s correlation coefficient and the reliability of the data through Cronbach’s alpha, thus validating the content of the matrix, which is a guiding reference for the integration of management systems in public entities.
Na Colômbia a gestão pública exige uma transformação gerencial que facilite ao Estado implementar políticas focadas no melhoramento da qualidade de vida dos cidadãos. A inexistência de técnicas para a integração da gestão nas entidades públicas impulsiona a pesquisa que acarreta a criação de uma metodologia para a integração da gestão. Com um enfoque misto e um alcance exploratório sequencial, se estabelece a correlação existente entre os requisitos das normas técnicas ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 e os modelos normativos Decreto 1072 de 2015 (SG-SST), Decreto 943 de 2014 (MECI: 2014) e Decreto 2482 de 2012 (MIPG: 2012), obtendo como resultado a matriz de correlação, produto da revisão bibliográfica e a leitura crítica das normas técnicas e dos modelos normativos do Estado. A partir dessa matriz correlacional, se desenvolveram conteúdos descritivos, tomados como base para a construção de pesquisas de opinião e de percepção, aplicando métodos estatísticos que sustentam o grau de correlação dos requisitos por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e a confiabilidade dos dados mediante o alfa de Cronbach, validando assim o conteúdo da matriz, que se constitui como referente orientador para a integração de sistemas de gestão nas entidades públicas.
En Colombia la gestión pública exige una transformación gerencial que le facilite al Estado implementar políticas focalizadas hacia el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. La inexistencia de técnicas para la integración de la gestión en las entidades públicas impulsa la investigación que conlleva al diseño de una metodología para la integración de la gestión. Con un enfoque mixto y un alcance exploratorio secuencial, se establece la correlación existente entre los requisitos de las normas técnicas ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 y los modelos normativos Decreto 1072 de 2015 (SG-SST), Decreto 943 de 2014 (MECI:2014) y Decreto 2482 de 2012 (MIPG:2012), obteniendo como resultado la matriz de correlación, producto de la revisión bibliográfica y la lectura crítica de las normas técnicas y los modelos normativos del Estado. A partir de esta matriz correlacional, se desarrollaron contenidos descriptivos, tomados como base para la construcción de encuestas de percepción, aplicando métodos estadísticos que sustentan el grado de correlación de los requisitos mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y la confiabilidad de los datos mediante el alfa de Cronbach, validando así el contenido de la matriz, que se constituye en referente orientador para la integración de sistemas de gestión en las entidades públicas.
Two major regional clones of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) have been identified in Europe and North America. They are designated multilocus sequence types (ST) 71 and ...68 and contain staphylococcal chromosome cassette (SCC
mec) types II–III and V
T, respectively. One notable difference between the two clones is a deletion in the
mecI/
mecR1 regulatory apparatus of ST 68 SCC
mec V
T. This deletion in analogous methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) results in more responsive and greater expression of the
mecA encoded penicillin-binding protein 2a, and is associated with SCC
mec types occurring in community-acquired MRSA lineages. The aim of this study was to characterize
mec and
bla regulatory apparatuses in MRSP and determine their effects on expression of
mecA. Seventeen
S. pseudintermedius isolates representing nine methicillin-resistant ST lineages were screened for the presence of the repressors
blaI and
mecI and sensors
blaR1 and
mecR1. The
bla and
mec operons for each isolate were sequenced and compared for homology between the repressor open-reading frames (ORF), sensor ORFs, and
mecA promoter regions. A real-time reverse transcriptase PCR expression assay was developed, validated and applied to nine isolates determining the effect of oxacillin induction on
mecA transcription. Significant differences were found in
mecA expression between isolates with a full regulatory complement (
mecI/
mecR1 and
blaI/
blaR1) and those with truncated and/or absent regulatory elements. Isolates representative of European and North American MRSP ST regional clones have dissimilar
mecA responses to oxacillin.
Colombian Government established the quality management and internal control as mandatory tools of management, according to Quality Technical Standards NTCGP:1000 and the Standard Model of Internal ...Control, incorporated by government in decrees 4485 of 2009 and 1599 of 2005 respectively. Moreover, looking for the continuous improvement of public administration and the capability to enhance its arrangement, Colombian government has defined another kind of policies and organizational methodologies mainly related to the administrative development, which has induced to national government entities to incorporate the requirements that affect among others implemented quality systems, involving administrative wastage, out of control over processes, not enough information and overcosts. Current research project tries to create a methodological purpose that let national government entities, incorporate some concepts as policies, requirements, topics or components (among other meanings) to its models of quality management and internal control standards accomplished previously and based on those models are a complement that must be adopted. Therefore and once analized the Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation raised by Nonaka and Takeuchi in their book “The Knowledge Creating Company”, the quality management systems and internal control standards applied to national government entities, there is an identified linkage that recognizes that some conditions help to the knowledge flow, between people, groups and organizations, due that policies bring on, adjust, control and promote the new concepts generation, getting its incorporation to institutional management. Once the methodological purpose is defined, there was a validation test in National Authority of Environmental Licenses Agency, in order to incorporate the knowledge object named “Citizen participation and social control” to the implemented systems, that let establish and link up the creation phases of organizational knowledge to the quality management systems and internal control, so incorporate new knowledge objects assure wholeness to implemented systems in an easier way.
This research aims to establish the difficulties presented by local authorities in the municipalities of 3rd to 6th category in implementing the Standard Model of Internal Control -MECI, considering ...that this model is the tool that allows the development of Internal Control Policy in Colombia and constitutes the foundation for achieving the institutions objectives. Based on the diagnosis aspects to improve or adjust this model are determined, in order to correct its implementation and in the medium term these entities can improve their corporate governance. The research takes concepts of the New Public Management (NPM); from this approach is observed and analyzed aspects related to good governance and the vocation for public service by state officials, the mechanisms for democratization of public administration and finally the basic principles of social responsibility. The research is applied and used as a model methodology CIPP (contextinput-process-products) so that the results, analysis and recommendations are shown through four stages or levels. The main findings and conclusions point to confirm the hypothesis; flaws in the implementation of the model were determined due to methodological aspects on which improvement or adjustment points are generated.
La presente investigación tiene como propósito establecer las dificultades que presentan las entidades territoriales pertenecientes a los municipios de 3ª a 6ªcategoría en la implementación del Modelo Estándar de Control Interno–MECI, teniendo en cuenta que este modelo es la herramienta que permite el desarrollode la Política de Control Interno en Colombia y se constituye en el eje fundamental para el logro de los objetivos de las instituciones. Con base en el diagnóstico se determinan los aspectos para mejorar o ajustar a dicho modelo, con el propósito de corregir su implementación y que a mediano plazo estas entidades puedan mejorar su gestión institucional. La investigación toma conceptos de la Nueva Gestión Pública –NGP (o New Public Management –NPM); de este enfoque se observan y analizan aspectos relacionados con el buen gobierno y la vocación por el servicio público por parte de los funcionarios del estado, los mecanismos para la democratización de la administración pública y finalmente los principios básicos sobre la responsabilidad social. La investigación es aplicada y utiliza como metodología el modelo C.I.P.P. (contexto-insumosprocesos- productos) por lo que los resultados, análisis y recomendaciones se muestran a través de sus cuatro etapas o niveles. Los principales hallazgos y conclusiones apuntan a confirmar la hipótesis planteada; se determinaron fallas en la implementación del modelo, debido a aspectos metodológicos, sobre los cuales se generan puntos de mejora o ajuste.
Colombian Government established the quality management and internal control as mandatory tools of management, according to Quality Technical Standards NTCGP:1000 and the Standard Model of Internal ...Control, incorporated by government in decrees 4485 of 2009 and 1599 of 2005 respectively. Moreover, looking for the continuous improvement of public administration and the capability to enhance its arrangement, Colombian government has defined another kind of policies and organizational methodologies mainly related to the administrative development, which has induced to national government entities to incorporate the requirements that affect among others implemented quality systems, involving administrative wastage, out of control over processes, not enough information and overcosts. Current research project tries to create a methodological purpose that let national government entities, incorporate some concepts as policies, requirements, topics or components (among other meanings) to its models of quality management and internal control standards accomplished previously and based on those models are a complement that must be adopted. Therefore and once analized the Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation raised by Nonaka and Takeuchi in their book “The Knowledge Creating Company”, the quality management systems and internal control standards applied to national government entities, there is an identified linkage that recognizes that some conditions help to the knowledge flow, between people, groups and organizations, due that policies bring on, adjust, control and promote the new concepts generation, getting its incorporation to institutional management. Once the methodological purpose is defined, there was a validation test in National Authority of Environmental Licenses Agency, in order to incorporate the knowledge object named “Citizen participation and social control” to the implemented systems, that let establish and link up the creation phases of organizational knowledge to the quality management systems and internal control, so incorporate new knowledge objects assure wholeness to implemented systems in an easier way.
El Estado colombiano definió los sistemas de gestión de calidad y control interno como herramientas de gestión de obligatoria implementación bajo los referentes de la Norma Técnica de Calidad en la Gestión Pública y el Modelo Estándar de Control Interno. Posteriormente, en pro del mejoramiento continuo de la administración pública y de la mejora de la gestión, se especificaron lineamientos adicionales asociados a las políticas de desarrollo administrativo, los cuales generaron en las entidades públicas la incorporación de requerimientos que impactan estos sistemas produciendo desgastes administrativos, fallas en el control de los procesos, desinformación y sobrecostos, entre otros. Este proyecto de investigación buscó crear una propuesta metodológica que permita a los entes gubernamentales nacionales incorporar algunos conceptos como políticas, requerimientos, temas o componentes (entre otros significados) a sus modelos de gestión de calidad y normas de control interno realizados previamente y basados en esos modelos. Por lo anterior, analizada la Teoría de Creación del Conocimiento Organizacional de Nonaka y Kakeuchi, frente a los sistemas de gestión de calidad y control interno aplicables a las entidades del Estado colombiano del ámbito nacional, se identificó un vínculo que reconoce la existencia de condiciones que facilitan el flujo del conocimiento a través de la socialización entre individuos y organizaciones, toda vez que se establecen lineamientos que propician, regulan, justifican y promueven la generación de nuevos conceptos, para incorporarlos a la gestión institucional. Definida la propuesta, se realizó un ejercicio de validación en la ANLA para incorporar el objeto de conocimiento “participación ciudadana y control social” a sus sistemas y se estableció que la articulación de las fases de creación del conocimiento organizacional con los sistemas de gestión, facilita la incorporación de nuevos objetos de conocimiento garantizando la integridad de los sistemas ya implementados.
El tema del control en nuestra profesión y en la sociedad cada día, gracias a la corrupción y las quiebras empresariales, cobra más actualidad y tratándose del sistema de control interno, mucho más. ...En el sector público colombiano este asunto ha sido regulado por diversas instituciones y la más reciente tiene que ver con el sistema de control interno contable. Una mirada crítica desde la perspectiva teórico-conceptual se hace para develar las debilidades conceptuales que desde la academia se filtran hasta las entidades públicas razón por la cual se emiten normas con serias debilidades y falencias estructurales.
Rezumat Latura obiectivă a infracţiunii cuprinde o totalitate de semne relevante în plan juridic care dau pecetea sau amprenta exterioară a infracţiunii. În acest sens, latura obiectivă a ...infracţiunii prevăzută la art. 2421 „Manipularea unui eveniment” din Codul penal al Republicii Moldova este alcătuită doar dintrun singur semn, i.e.: fapta prejudiciabilă. Totodată, fapta prejudiciabilă a acestei infracţiuni constă în încurajarea, instruirea sau influenţarea unui participant la un eveniment sportiv sau la un eveniment de pariat, ca acesta din urmă să aibă o conduită contrară principiului fair-play. În esenţă, încurajarea unui participant la un eveniment sportiv sau la un eveniment de pariat presupune sprijinirea, îndemnarea, stimularea acestui participant. Acordarea de stimulente participanţilor la un eveniment sportiv sau la un eveniment de pariat nu reprezintă o faptă ilicită, atunci când acestea sunt preconizate și repartizate conform meritelor (performanţelor) obţinute. Din contra, stimularea unui participant la un eveniment sportiv sau de pariat pentru ca acesta să întreprindă acţiuni care ar produce un efect viciat (trucat) asupra evenimentului cade sub incidenţa infracţiunii de manipulare a unui eveniment. De asemenea, încurajarea, în sensul art. 2421 din Codul penal al Republicii Moldova, nu se poate concretiza în promisiunea, oferirea sau darea, personal sau prin mijlocitor, unui participant sportiv sau de pariat de bunuri, bani, servicii, privilegii sau avantaje sub orice formă. În această situaţie, răspunderea se aplică pentru darea de mită. La rândul ei, instruirea unui participant la un eveniment sportiv sau la un eveniment de pariat presupune darea de instrucţiuni acestui participant ca acesta să întreprindă acţiuni care ar produce un efect viciat (trucat) asupra evenimentului
The proposed methodology presents an inclusive approach to assess harmoniously and additional requirements of the System of Quality Management for the Public Sector (NTC GP 1000: 2004) and elements ...of Standard Model Internal Control (MECI 1000: 2005) under the cycle PHVA, as well as the main products to reveal by the auditor.
La metodología propuesta presenta un enfoque integrador para evaluar de manera armónica y complementaria los requisitos del Sistema de Gestión de Calidad para el Sector Público (NTCGP 1000:2004) y los elementos del Modelo Estándar de Control Interno (MECI 1000:2005) bajo el ciclo PHVA, así como los principales productos a evidenciar por el auditor.
Methicillin resistance in staphylococci is due to the acquisition of the mecA gene encoding a new penicillin-binding protein (PBP2', PBP2a) that has a lower affinity to methicillin than the ...endogenous PBPs. PBP2' is involved in the assembly of the cell wall peptidoglycan in the presence of high concentrations of beta-lactams that otherwise inhibit the endogenous PBPs. The production of PBP2' is under dual control by its own mecR1-mecI- and the penicillinase blaR1-blaI-encoded regulatory elements. Resistance to high levels of methicillin depends, in addition to PBP2', on chromosomally encoded factors that are involved in the synthesis and degradation of the peptidoglycan. Any mutations that reduce peptidoglycan precursor formation or change the chemical composition of the muropeptide precursor result in lowered resistance.
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