In light of increasing environmental stress and its likely implications for migration patterns, we conduct a cross-country individual-level analysis of the impact of self-reported exposure to ...environmental stress on people's migration intentions and their destination choice. We simultaneously model intentions to migrate domestically and internationally for 90 countries worldwide in 2010. We find that self-reported exposure to environmental stress increases the probability to intend to migrate both domestically and internationally in the coming year. In absolute terms, the largest impact is obtained for domestic migration, but controlling for the fact that this is the most common form of migration anyway, environmental stress particularly raises intraregional migration intentions. Overall, the effects on migration intentions to the different destinations are strongest in low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean, while in high-income countries, and in Europe particularly, environmental stress appears to spur only domestic migration intentions.
Altitudinal bird migration involves annual seasonal movements up and down elevational gradients. Despite the fact that species from montane avifaunas worldwide engage in altitudinal migration, the ...patterns, causes, and prevalence of these movements are poorly understood. This is particularly true in North America where the overwhelming majority of avian migration research has focused on obligate, long-distance, temperate–tropical movements. Elsewhere in the world, most altitudinal migrants are partial migrants, making downhill movements to nonbreeding areas. However, spatial and temporal patterns, the prevalence and predictability of migration at individual and population levels, and the ultimate ecological factors selecting for movement behavior vary considerably among taxa and regions. I conducted a systematic survey of the evidence for altitudinal migration to fill gaps in our understanding of this behavior among the landbirds of North America and Hawaii. Altitudinal migration was as prevalent as in other avifaunas, occurring in >20% of continental North American and nearly 30% of Hawaiian species. Of the species wintering within the USA and Canada, ∼30% engage in altitudinal migrations. Altitudinal migrants are far more common in the West, are taxonomically and ecologically diverse, and North American species exhibit patterns similar to altitudinal migrants elsewhere in the world. Because altitudinal migration systems are relatively tractable, they present excellent opportunities for testing hypotheses regarding migration generally. Altitudinal migration has likely been overlooked in North America due to contingency in the history of ornithological research. Our need to understand the patterns and causes of altitudinal migrations has never been greater due to emerging environmental threats to montane systems.
This article provides a review of the literature on the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and serves as an introduction to the JEMS special issue devoted to this organisation. IOM has ...long been a neglected research topic. Since the 1990s, however, it has experienced substantial growth; its role and visibility in the global politics of migration have increased, which has culminated in IOM's elevation to a UN-related organisation status in 2016. This has spurred growing interest in its history, structure, and activities. The main argument developed in this article is that IOM exemplifies some of the key changes currently taking place in the way international migration is apprehended and governed. This is analysed in terms of four main research issues: (1) the role of IOM in migration politics and its relationship to state sovereignty, (2) IOM's managerial and market-inspired approach to the role of migration in the global economy, (3) IOM's relationship to civil society and the implications of its activities in terms of human rights and humanitarian protection, and (4) IOM's normative influence on the production of knowledge and the way migration is intellectually and politically constructed as a research and policy issue.
Im Dilemma zwischen Selbstbestimmung und Integration, Wiesbaden, Springer, 2014, 452 S., euro 69,99. Den Anfang macht Daniel Schamburek (4.1) Er versucht zu einem Problem 16 Lösungen zu finden und ...deutet seinen Werkstattbericht zur Varianz institutioneller Arrangements in der Politik der Migration und der Integration anhand der deutschen Bundesländer. Roma-Integration als Beispiel für den transnationalen Minderheitenschutz" versteht man ein Forschungsgebiet, das häufig unterbewertet und wenig erforscht wurde.
Social networks' influence on migration has long been explored largely through the lenses of cumulative causation and social capital theory. This article aims to reconceptualize elements of these ...theories for the case of rural–urban migration and test their utility in explaining first-migration timing. We use a uniquely extensive social network survey linked to prospectively collected migration data in rural Senegal. We decompose migrant networks into return migrants, current migrants, and nonmigrant residents of the destination to capture heterogeneity in migration-relevant social capital. As expected, the number of nonmigrant alters living in the capital, Dakar, has an outsized association with the migration hazard, the number of current migrants from the village living in Dakar has a smaller association, and the number of return migrants has little association. Drawing on social capital theory, we test the influence of (1) subjectively assessed tie strength between the ego and their network alters and (2) structurally weak ties measured through second-order (“friend of a friend”) connections. Weak and strong subjective ties to current migrants and nonmigrant Dakar residents are positively associated with the first-migration hazard. Structurally weak ties to current migrants are too, but only for individuals with no direct ties to current migrants.
Development Economics;Economic Policy;Asian Economics;Economics;Economy-wide Country Studies;Internal migration, urbanization and poverty in Asia;Poverty as an urban issue;Poverty measures in ...Asia;Rural-urban migration in Asia;Internal migration and employment in Asia;Urban economic growth;Income polarization in Asia;Open access;Development economics & emerging economies;Political economy
This thesis focuses on Korean-Chinese migrant youth (KCMY) in South Korea. Migrant youth have rather often been portrayed as passive beings reliant on parental decisions in family migration. In South ...Korea, youth migration has recently begun to attract social and policy attention as numbers have grown. There is little research on this group's migration processes and experiences in their daily lives; a research gap to which this thesis is oriented. The thesis aims to explore the factors and processes influencing how KCMY negotiate their positionalities and belonging according to spatial contexts in their migration process. It draws on results from empirical research in Seoul, South Korea; interviews with KCMY aged 15 to 19 and with migrant organisation staff and policymakers, and through observations in social settings. I argue that KCMY who are involved in migration across their lifespan shift their positionalities and belonging by negotiating their identities in the situated contexts. Their experiences as left-behind children affect their identities and social positions both in their home and host societies. They try to place themselves in the most appropriate position in the social and spatial context by expressing or hiding certain identities among their multiple identities. This strategic positioning demonstrates that they are not just marginalised and passive in the host society but are flexible in utilising their in-betweenness according to the situated context. Their in-betweenness may play a role as a foundation for them to develop their future plans as transmigrants and in consideration of the social, economic and political conditions of both South Korea and China. Therefore, this thesis argues that the exploration of positionalities and belonging of migrant youth in their daily spaces is essential to understand the impact of migration across their lifespan and the ways they utilise situated social and spatial contexts.
Forced migration has recently reached an all-time record. With the flows of forced migrants across Europe, and the states' responses to the forcible movement of people focusing on 'migration ...management' on one hand while pushing for the agendas of resilience building on the other, it is vitally important to question the effectiveness of resilience strategies for those experiencing forced migration first-hand in the developed countries. This thesis provides a critical understanding of social resilience, as a process rather than an outcome, in the context of forced migrant families in the UK. In developing a framework based upon family migration this research advances contemporary discussions of forced migration and resilience in geography, as it investigates the experiences of participants in their social environment and employs both actor-oriented and constructivist social resilience approaches in doing so. To achieve this aim, the thesis draws on empirical research conducted in Plymouth, UK, a city in the South West of England with relatively little ethnic diversity yet operates as a dispersal centre for asylum seekers. The methods combined focus-groups with forced migration third sector, in-depth interviews with forced-migrant families from Arab countries, and participant observation in the case study. The findings highlight family changes during the process of forced migration and the subjective ways in which building resilience is managed and articulated in and through forced migrant families experiencing periods of acute stress and anxiety. They show the complex ways by which family practices and homemaking, knowledge, culture, and spirituality are associated with building and developing social resilience in families. The analysis stresses the importance of formal and informal connections in managing existing and new forms of bonding, and bridging capitals through the transitional process of resettlement. It emphasises the significance of power and agency in shaping the process of building resilience and managing its varied determinants, and in doing so it emphasises the importance of recognising family resilience as a non-linear and subjective process. The study introduces a visualised framework reflects its understanding of building social resilience as a complex, an ongoing in-the-making process. This study contributes to knowledge by enhancing understandings of the varied practices and performances of family, and of home as a temporal, multi-scalar, and multi-sited set of socio-spatial processes. It signifies the flaws in the perception of family that is held by immigration policies. Understanding family social resilience as a subjective process also adds to academic debates that challenge viewing social resilience as linear with a positive, upward trajectory.
This thesis is a comparative - intergenerational and interregional - history of Asia Minor memories and identities of forced displacement that examines the multilayered relationship between ...contemporary attitudes and refugee past. In light of the centenary of the Asia Minor population transfer and the current migration and refugee crises, this study explores refugee memories and identities of expulsion, their intergenerational transmission, and the way people with these memories think about subsequent migrations. While focusing on the case of Greece, the research questions that this thesis addresses are: How have memories of the 1922-24 forced displacement changed over time from one generation to the next? How do people with these memories and identities think about subsequent migration? Following a regional history approach and an oral history approach, this study draws upon literature from several disciplines and rests upon oral testimony. Specifically, it employs a methodology of collecting primary sources using oral testimonies (262 life history interviews) and archival evidence (5000 oral testimonies) based on three regional case studies, namely the borderland island of Lesvos, Central Macedonia in northern Greece, and Attica. Refugee identity is a capacious and dynamic platform of ongoing understanding as well as a limited space of domination and competition. Elucidating the attitudes of refugee descendants and unfolding key patterns about the complex role of refugee memory and identity, this thesis brings together the intersection of three interlocking elements, time (refugee generations), place (refugee locations), and subsequent migration (waves of other migrations). In short, Coming to Terms with Forced Migration sheds light on the convoluted relationship between contemporary attitudes and refugee past, providing a nuanced history of the 1922-24 memories and identities of forced displacement.
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