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•Macroeconomic determinants of ecological footprint in top nuclear energy nations.•Nuclear energy, military expenditure and human capital help to reduce the environmental decay.•The N ...shaped EKC hypothesis is valid for the top nuclear energy nations.
Regardless of the ongoing debate, the shape of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis plays a critical role in determining the dynamic relationship between environmental sustainability and economic activities across different nations of the world. It is widely accepted that with cleaner fuel options (i.e., nuclear and renewables), economic amelioration will have the least negative environmental externalities. Banking on this matter, it is anticipated that the top nuclear energy-producing nations might have obtained environmental sustainability amid the eye-catching incessant economic amelioration. In other words, we expect that there exists an inverted U-shaped EKC among these nuclear energy-rich nations. However, the hypothesis that an N-shaped EKC does not exist among these nations is yet to be scrutinized. To address this research gap, we have deployed annual time-series data from 1990 to 2018 and adopted the novel Dynamic Common Correlated Effects Approach. The results unearth that the N-shaped EKC hypothesis is valid in the case of the top nuclear energy-producing nations, revealing that the energy sector that is fueling the economic growth among these nations is still highly dependent on fossil-based sources. We also noted that nuclear energy generation ameliorates environmental quality among the designated countries. Additionally, the empirical results further delineate that military spending and human capital are negatively associated with ecological footprint among the selected nations, revealing that national security and education can help reshape, rebound and restore the biocapacity surplus among the designated countries. We propose that the chosen nations develop a more biased energy mix structure with more nuclear and renewable energy sources in the basket to keep the growth process untapped. By doing this, the N-shaped EKC can be avoided. Further policy insights have been made in the relevant section.
This study investigates the long run equilibrium relationship among military expenditure, financial development, energy use, economic growth and environmental degradation in Turkey for the period of ...1960–2014. Ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emissions are used as separate proxies for environmental degradation. Fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) estimator results suggest that military expenditure, energy use and economic growth increase the environmental degradation while financial development improves the environmental quality in Turkey. Toda Yamamoto (1995) causality test results reveal that there is a unidirectional causality running from military expenditure to CO2 emissions and ecological footprint; and a bidirectional causality between military expenditure and economic growth. The findings of the study confirm the existence of destruction theory for the case of Turkey.
This study examines the complex link between energy consumption and defense expenditures in Azerbaijan, Turkey and Pakistan. Policymakers and stakeholders in these nations must understand the ...intricate interdependencies between energy consumption and defence expenditure. The study's conclusions help create energy and defence strategies that balance national security and sustainability. It also advances scholarly discussion on energy, security, and international affairs. This study compares energy usage and defence spending in Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Pakistan. It offers a foundation for informed decision-making and future study in this field by revealing the complex relationships between these two aspects. The impacts of defence expenditures and causality analyses of oil and natural gas usage between the years 1992 and 2021 are investigated as part of the scope of this research. According to the results, it has been found that there is no link between defence expenditures and the consumption of oil and natural gas within the context of the Azerbaijani economy. This conclusion was reached based on the findings of the investigation. On the other hand, it has been shown that the utilisation of natural gas is the driving force behind the use of oil. When Turkey and Pakistan are compared, there is no correlation between their military spending, the amount of oil they use, and the amount of natural gas they utilise.
This paper investigates the cointegration relationship among crude oil dependence (COD), CO2 emissions (CO2) and military expenditure (ME) in net oil importing countries using a bootstrap ...autoregressive distributed lag model with a Fourier function (FARDL). The empirical results indicate that there is cointegration in China and India due to their rapid economic development, very high CO2 emissions, strong oil demand and growth in military strength. Italy has a high level of oil dependence and an oil-dominated energy structure and is closely located to the Middle East, leading its ME to be influenced by COD and CO2. However, military strategies and alliances, governmental budget constraints, and energy structure and policies eliminate the cointegration relationship in the U.S., France and other countries. Some policy implications include the need to diversify oil supply channels and build strategic reserves to relieve pressure on the military to protect oil security. Expenditures for military research and development should be encouraged, and the transfer of military technologies to civil fields to improve energy efficiency should be accelerated. Renewable energy development is an effective instrument for relieving pressure due to oil dependence and the need to reduce CO2.
•The cointegration relationship among crude oil dependence, CO2 and military expenditure is discussed.•The FARDL method is employed to discuss the cointegration in net oil importing countries.•China, India and Italy own the cointegration due to energy structure and environmental protection.•Certain factors such as budget deficit is utilized to explain no-cointegration in other countries.
Abstract
We investigate the causes underlying the decline in the government expenditure multiplier after the Korean War, through the lens of a structural dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. ...We estimate the model using Bayesian methods and annual frequency data from 1939 to 2017. The model replicates the observed fall in the expenditure multiplier. We find that the decline is accounted for by changes in two of the model’s structural parameters, namely a decline in consumption habit persistence and a higher autocorrelation of the public expenditure processes. These changes imply a stronger negative wealth effect, a lower discretion of US fiscal policy and, consequently, a multiplier of smaller magnitude. The model identifies the news shocks to military spending, yet fiscal news plays little role in the decline of the multiplier. Rather, the news shocks account for an important fraction of medium-term variances of debt and military expenditures, which justifies their inclusion in the model.
State Capacity and Military Conflict GENNAIOLI, NICOLA; VOTH, HANS-JOACHIM
The Review of economic studies,
10/2015, Letnik:
82, Številka:
4 (293)
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Powerful, centralized states controlling a large share of national income only begin to appear in Europe after 1500. We build a model that explains their emergence in response to the increasing ...importance of money for military success. When fiscal resources are not crucial for winning wars, the threat of external conflict stifles state-building. As finance becomes critical, internally cohesive states invest in state capacity while divided states rationally drop out of the competition, causing divergence. We emphasize the role of the "Military Revolution", a sequence of technological innovations that transformed armed conflict. Using data from 374 battles, we investigate empirically both the importance of money for military success and patterns of state-building in early modern Europe. The evidence is consistent with the predictions of our model.
Purpose of the study: The current study aims to examine the relationship between corruption, democracy, military expenditure and environmental degradation in a panel of six ASEAN countries including ...Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam using a panel data from 1995 to 2017. Methodology: In addition, the current study is unique in applying the sophisticated methods of panel Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) that have been adopted in several earlier quality research. Main Findings: The results of panel estimations conclude that corruption, military expenditure, and democracy have a noteworthy and significant impact on carbon dioxide emission in ASEAN countries. The results of FMOLS and DOLS confirm that there is a positive and significant impact of military expenditure and corruption on carbon dioxide emission. However, we found a negative and significant impact of democracy on carbon dioxide emission in all selected ASEAN countries. Implications: In general, the consequences of both statistical estimations affirm that corruption, democracy, and military expenditure are the critical and noteworthy determinants of carbon dioxide emission in ASEAN nations.
Purpose Today, many industries are implementing creative approaches in response to increasing environmental awareness. It is of great importance to answer the question of whether the military sector, ...one of the most important sectors, can support renewable energy (RE) adaptation. This study aims to examine how military spending affects the supply of RE in 27 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations as well as the regulatory function of factors such as innovation, international trade and oil prices between 1990 and 2021. Design/methodology/approach The study examines the effects of military spending, income, green innovation, international trade, oil prices and the human development index on the supply of RE using various econometric approaches, which are the cointegration test, moments quantile regression and robustness test. Findings The findings demonstrate that all factors, excluding military spending, quite likely affect the expansion of the renewable supply. Military spending negatively influences the RE supply; specifically, a 1% increase in military spending results in a 0.88 reduction in the renewable supply. In addition, whereas income elasticity, trade and human development index in OECD nations are higher in the last quantiles of the regression than in the first quantiles, the influence of military spending and innovation on renewable supply is about the same in all quantiles. Practical implications OECD nations must consider the practical implications, which are essential to assess and update the military spending of OECD countries from a green energy perspective to transition to clean energy. Based on the study’s overall findings, the OECD countries should incorporate the advantages of innovation, economic growth and international trade into their clean energy transition strategies to lessen the impact of military spending on renewables. Originality/value The study aims to fill a gap in the literature regarding the role of military expenditures in the RE development of an OECD country. In addition, the results of the methodological analysis can be used to guide policymakers on how military spending should be in the field of RE.
The relationship between military expenditure and economic growth has attract ample interest among economists as well as policy makers. The importance of expanding defence expenditure is ...substantially to coincide with national security and defence. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of military expenditure on economic growth in Malaysia. An econometrics time series analysis is employed using ARDL estimates spanning from the year 1979 to 2017. The empirical findings reveal a negative relationship between military expenditure and Gross Domestic Products (GDP). Despite the inverse relationship between defence expenditure and economic growth, Malaysia should not neglect the investment on efficient military expenditure, as it has proven that in some countries, defence expenditure promotes a long run economic growth by promoting more job opportunities, protecting the nation and thus, achieving sustainable development. It is recommended to add more variables in future study that can relate security and defence for the country like numbers of crime, and numbers of migrants and refugees. Conclusively defence and security are the important factors for the country in generating the world and public’s confidence and to captivate foreign direct investment. Hence, adequate policy making on military expenditure are utmost important to promote economic growth
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