An uncontrolled hemorrhage can easily lead to death during surgery and military operations. Despite the significant advances in hemostatic research, there is still an urgent and increasing need for ...safer and more effective hemostatic materials. Recently, nanotechnologies have been receiving increasing interest owing to their unique advantages and have been propelling the developement of hemostatic materials. This review summarizes the fundamentals of hemostasis and emphasizes the recent developments regarding hemorrhage-related hemostatic nanotechnologies. In terms of external accessible hemorrhage management, natural and synthetic polymers and inorganic components that have been used in traditional hemostats provide novel nanoscale solutions. Regarding internal noncompressible hemorrhage management, current research endeavors are dedicated to the development of substitutes for blood components, and nanoformulated hemostatic drugs. This review also briefly discusses the main and persistent problems of hemostatic nanomaterials, including safety concerns and clinical translation challenges. This review is hoped to provide critical insight into hemostatic nanomaterial development.
Hemostatic nanotechnologies promote the development of various hemostatic materials for external and internal hemorrhage management.
Against pacifist calls for peace at any price in Ukraine, Hans-Herbert Kögler argues that the west has a moral obligation to support Ukraine in its war against Russia. Kögler’s argument is well-made. ...However, he does not mention the war at all. This may be an oversight because while moral principles may be universal, in practice, the context defines how morals are applied. Drawing on Clausewitz’s concept of the Trinity, this response seeks to develop Kögler’s moral argument by examining the practical, military implications of the war. It argues that because the war is heavily urbanised, the west’s moral commitment is likely to be very deep and long.
World War II is usually seen as a titanic land battle, decided by mass armies, most importantly those on the Eastern Front. Phillips Payson O'Brien shows us the war in a completely different light. ...In this compelling new history of the Allied path to victory, he argues that in terms of production, technology and economic power, the war was far more a contest of air and sea than land supremacy. He shows how the Allies developed a predominance of air and sea power which put unbearable pressure on Germany and Japan's entire war-fighting machine from Europe and the Mediterranean to the Pacific. Air and sea power dramatically expanded the area of battle and allowed the Allies to destroy over half the Axis' equipment before it had even reached the traditional 'battlefield'. Battles such as El Alamein, Stalingrad and Kursk did not win World War II; air and sea power did.
The Gulf, a little-studied theatre of the Second World War, grew in importance to the area's leading power, Britain, as well as the Allies, as war progressed. All three Axis powers at one time or ...another tested Britain's ability to discharge its defence obligations, which included the protection of tiny Arab shaikhdoms and guarding nearby waters. With Britain's strategic imperatives lying elsewhere, British officials on the spot received scant resources to enact a scheme of defence for the Gulf and instead largely relied on makeshift measures. This article provides the first account of Britain's ad hoc defence arrangements in the region, and, in doing so, offers a window into the organisational, manpower and materiel attention major powers with overseas possessions give peripheral theatres.
The study examines changes in the environmental behaviour of Ukrainians under the influence of military operations. One of the key predictors of such changes is the specific features of community ...identification of Ukrainians in the face of threat. The critical criterion of pro-ecological behaviour is considered to be the environmental responsibility of Ukrainians. The study involves several stages of qualitative and quantitative data collection. In the process of data analysis, such qualitative methods as content and thematic analysis of narratives are also used. Quantitative data analysis is performed using regression analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and correlation analysis. Some components of environmental responsibility, such as activity, emotion, and value, were identified. During the quantitative data collection stage, the role of civil, territorial, and professional identity as predictors of increasing environmental responsibility of Ukrainians is recorded. In general, the growing role of civil identity as a consolidating factor for the formation of an integrated identity that can withstand threats, including environmental ones, is interpreted. Strengthening the emotional component affects the sense of environmental threat at the subjective level and contributes to the awareness of the need to preserve the environmental well-being of the state. Strengthening the manifestation of European identity has a positive impact on the integration of pro-ecological European values. Identifying the interaction of professional and civil identities can serve as an indicator of the strategic importance of Ukraine as an environment for work and personal realisation
Pundits debate whether conflict in cyberspace is more likely to trigger or preempt conflict in other domains. We consider a third possibility. Rather than directly complementing or substituting for ...traditional forms of conflict, the Internet could separately affect both virtual and kinetic dispute behavior. Specifically, we argue that a country’s increasing Internet access causes it to engage in aggressive cyberspace behavior more often. At the same time, economic and social changes associated with the information age reduce the utility of pursuing more traditional forms of conflict. Cyberspace offers an attractive domain in which to shape the balance of power, interests, and information in a technological era, while territorial conquest has become somewhat anachronistic. We test our theory using an innovative estimation approach, applied to panel data on cyber versus conventional disputes. Our findings confirm this indirect substitutability between cyber and conventional conflict.
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