Žensko mleko, zlasti materino mleko, je optimalna hrana za dojenčke. Dojeni otroci primerneje rastejo in pridobivajo telesno maso, so manj bolni in imajo boljši nevrološki razvoj. Edinstvena sestava ...ženskega mleka, ki vsebuje dejavnike proti okužbi in vnetju, skupaj s kožnim stikom pri dojenju zagotavlja optimalno rast, varuje pred vplivi okolja in spodbuja razvoj otrokovega imunskega sistema. Žensko mleko za razliko od mlečne formule nudi dolgotrajno zaščito pred akutnimi boleznimi v prvih letih življenja. Dojenje je povezano z dolgotrajnimi prednostmi za zdravje zaradi nižjega tveganja razvoja številnih kroničnih bolezni. V raziskavah utemeljujejo dejstvo, da so številne akutne in kronične bolezni, kot so vnetje srednjega ušesa, akutna driska, okužbe dihal, nenadna nepričakovana smrt v postelji, vnetne črevesne bolezni, levkemija, sladkorna bolezen, debelost, povišan krvni tlak, astma in atopijski dermatitis, manj pogoste, če so bili otroci v zgodnji mladosti dojeni. V preglednem prispevku obravnavamo nekatere prednosti dojenja in hranjenja z materinim mlekom ali ženskim mlekom za otroka.
Materino mleko je najbolj primerna hrana za novorojenčka, ki otroku omogoča ustrezno rast in razvoj. Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija in Sklad Združenih narodov za otroke (Unicef) priporočata prvi ...podoj v prvi uri življenja, nato izključno dojenje do dopolnjenega 6. meseca starosti in nadaljevanje dojenja vsaj do dopolnjenega drugega leta starosti in za tem do tedaj, ko to želita doječa mati in otrok. Materino mleko se v prvih mesecih otrokovega življenja neprestano spreminja in pokrije vse njegove prehranske potrebe. Poleg življenjskega sloga matere na sestavo mleka vplivata tudi njena prehrana in prehransko stanje, zato je priporočljivo, da doječa mati med dojenjem dosledno upošteva načela pestre in uravnotežene prehrane.
Sestava materinega mleka je kompleksna. Vsebuje spremenljivo količino imunsko aktivnih molekul, oligosaharidov, metabolitov, vitaminov in drugih hranilnih snovi ter živih celic. Materino mleko ...spremeni otrokovo črevesno mikrofloro in s tem otrokov imunski razvoj ter vpliva na pojavljanje in trajanje akutnih okužb. Rezultati raziskav kažejo, da lahko z dolgotrajnim dojenjem preprečimo tudi kronične bolezni. S prispevkom želimo primarnega pediatra seznaniti s prednostmi dojenja po prvem letu otrokove starosti in podati pregled izsledkov aktualne literature o dojenju po prvem letu laktacije.
Mleko surowe, które nie zostało poddane obróbce termicznej, może być ważnym źródłem drobnoustrojów chorobotwórczych przenoszonych drogą pokarmową, głównie takich jak: patogenne szczepy Escherichia ...coli, bakterie z rodzaju Salmonella, niektóre paciorkowce kałowe czy Listeria monocytogenes. Najgroźniejszym z patogenów związanych z surowym mlekiem jest E. coli VTEC, która wytwarza werocytotoksyny – zwłaszcza szczep O157:H7. Enterococcus spp. jest jednym z czynników zapalenia wymienia u krów i dlatego często występuje w surowym mleku, co może stanowić zagrożenie dla konsumentów. Spożywanie mleka surowego jest dobrym wyborem, pod warunkiem, że mamy gwarancję wysokiego poziomu higienicznego jego pozyskiwania.
Changes in the genotypic structure of cows, yield of milk, fat and protein, fat and protein content of milk, relationships between milk components, i.e. the protein to fat ratio (PFR) and the ...difference between fat and protein content (DFP) were examined using data from the Polish Federation of Cattle Breeders and Dairy Farmers for 20012009. In addition, analysis was made of changes in the length of calving interval and age at first calving. Average yield of milk and its components was found to increase in all milk recorded cows. Changes in the relationship between basic milk components differed between the breeds. A decrease in fat content was found in the milk from Polish Black-and-White Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, Montbeliarde and Polish Red-and-White cows, and an increase in protein content was recorded in the milk from Polish Black-and-White Holstein-Friesian, Polish Red-and-White, Simmental and Montbeliarde cows. These changes had a favourable effect on the PFR ratio in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows, especially those of the Black-and-White variety. Calving interval and age at first calving were found to increase in all the cows except the Montbeliarde breed.
Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. External factors such as temperature, moisture, oxygen, and degradation in the ...gastrointestinal tract due to gastrointestinal fluids and enzymes may influence the viability of probiotic microorganisms. This article summarizes data relevant to practicing physicians on microencapsulation (a process in which active substances are surrounded by a coating to provide extremely small capsules) as a means of enhancing probiotic resistance to environmental factors.
Le mot désignant la première boisson de notre vie paraît peu original comme objet d’intérêt. Mais puisqu’il est des plus courants et connu de tous, nous présentons son fonctionnement dans le sens ...premier et dans d’autres acceptions dans le registre standard, dans la langue technique, dans le sens figuré ; nous observons les formations dérivées et composées et les expressions phraséologiques françaises et polonaises avec lait / mleko. Nous évoquons le lien entre le lait et le vin, présent uniquement en français et visible à travers quelques expressions. Nous essayons d’en tirer une image sémantique du mot et son emploi dans les expressions à partir des dictionnaires anciens et modernes français et polonais. Ce substantif concret, pouvant être compté parmi les universaux de la langue, ne présente pas de champ synonymique développé mais seulement quelques emplois métonymiques et métaphoriques qui nous paraissent néanmoins mériter une réflexion relative aux deux langues.
Pedanius Dioscurides of Anazarbos, a physician working for the Roman army living in the first century AD, secured his place in history of medicine as the author of two works, namely De materia ...medica, and Euporista vel de simplicibus medicinis. Among the substances referred to by the doctor of Anazarbos we find numerous animal-based products, including milk (gála; γάλα), whey (órros; ὄρρος), cheese (týros; τύρος) and butter(boútyron; βούτυρον). Dioscurides’ treatises belong to the group of the oldest surviving examples of highly developed medical theory of milk. The subject in question was considered to be important as regards therapy, and therefore interesting to both doctors and the wider public keen on acquiring knowledge (such was the intended readership of Pliny). As for the theory, it was sufficiently developed to be seen as a separate branch of dietetics and pharmacology. The data discussed in the present study indicate that this medical doctrine had developed before the first century AD, prior to being formulated in the form observable in De materia medica and in Euporista vel de simplicibus medicinis. The similarities between the accounts of Dioscurides on the one hand and Celsus and Pliny on the other suggest that all these doctors made use of established and widely adopted standards. The surviving evidence confirms that the doctrine on milk was not modified after the first century AD. Galen, writing in the second century, did not introduce any major changes with regard to its theory. Dioscurides’s treatises and other medical texts which contained discussions on the doctrine concerning milk can not only be useful as sources for history of medicine sensu stricto, but also for the study of ancient and early Byzantine economy, particularly as regards the breeding of milk animals. In addition to that, by discussing the technology of production of individual substances, the texts in question illustrate the popular methods used in contemporary cuisine. Moreover, they shed light on the patterns of consumption of various foodstuffs, and in consequence impart information on the contemporary society. Thus, the works of the doctor of Anazarbos can rightly seem to provide excellent reference material, in particular for the study of the daily life of most social classes, and as such they should be seen as a vital historical source, useful not only for historians of medicine.
A systematic review of the literature on the relationship of breast-feeding early childhood caries.
Electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE were searched resulting in 8 positions that met ...the inclusion criteria – 1 cluster-randomized clinical trial and 7 observational studies. The risk of bias was evaluated with Cochrane ACROBAT-NRSI and the quality assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).
All analyzed studies were at high risk of bias due to confounding factors affecting the intervention and interpretation of results. Six studies were rated as moderate quality (≥5 stars in NOS), and the rest as poor quality.
Basing on performed analysis the time of weaning to reduce the risk of early childhood caries cannot be accurately defined. However, in the presence of maxillary incisors it should be advised to limit the breastfeeding at night and before daytime naps and tooth brushing after a meal should be recommended to overcome potential cariogenicity of human milk in the case of reduced secretion of saliva during sleep.
Fatty acids are some of the most important components of human milk. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients required for the optimal growth and development of infants, especially ...the central nervous system, brain and retina.
To determine the conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) and vaccenic acid (VA) content of human breast milk from mothers consuming different diets, and to compare the results with CLA and VA levels in infant formulas (IF) and follow-up formulas (FF).
Fifty healthy mothers were classified according to their diet status into one of two groups: diet low in dairy products and conventional diet without limiting the intake of dairy products. Dietary intake of dairy fat was determined based on 3-day food diaries. Fatty acid (FA) composition in samples were analyzed by High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HR-GC).
In the group of 20 mothers whose diets were deficient in dairy products, the average CLA content of breast milk fat was determined to be 0.27% of total FA, the VA 0.36%. In the group of 30 women consuming dairy products, the average content of CLA and VA in breast milk fat was statistically significantly higher: 0.49% and 0.69% of total FAs, respectively. In the fat of the IF and FF tested (n=11) only trace amounts of both FA were found.
The results of the study indicate that CLA and VA concentrations of human milk can be influenced by diet. It is recommended that the source of these FAs in the diet of breastfeeding women are natural products and not dietary supplements. The majority of commercially available IF and FF do not contain sufficient amounts of CLA and VA, and that their FA composition is deficient in comparison with breast milk fat.
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