We study a firm that makes new products in the first period and uses returned cores to offer remanufactured products, along with new products, in future periods. We introduce the monopoly environment ...in two-period and multiperiod scenarios to identify thresholds in remanufacturing operations. Next, we focus our attention on the duopoly environment where an independent operator (IO) may intercept cores of products made by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) to sell remanufactured products in future periods. We characterize the production quantities associated with self-selection and explore the effect of various parameters in the Nash equilibrium. Among other results, we find that if remanufacturing is very profitable, the original-equipment manufacturer may forgo some of the first-period margin by lowering the price and selling additional units to increase the number of cores available for remanufacturing in future periods. Further, as the threat of competition increases, the OEM is more likely to completely utilize all available cores, offering the remanufactured products at a lower price.
In this letter, a compact pattern‐reconfigurable (PR) antenna for indoor communication is proposed, which can provide one conical, one broadside, and two tilted patterns. The proposed antenna ...comprises a shared radiation patch with two highly isolated ports and a reconfigurable feeding network. By activating each port independently, a dipole mode with broadside pattern and a monopole mode with conical pattern are acquired, respectively. Meanwhile, inspired by the theory of common and differential modes, two tilted patterns toward θ=−30° $\theta =-3{0}^{^\circ }$ and θ=33° $\theta =3{3}^{^\circ }$ are realized by combining dipole and monopole modes. As a result, four‐type reconfigurable patterns can be obtained. To realize reconfigurability, a functional reconfigurable feeding network is designed with innovation. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured. The measured overlapped −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 3.28–3.71 GHz (12.3%), and the peak radiation efficiency is superior to 82.7%. The experimental results indicate that the proposed PR antenna has a wide bandwidth and stable radiation patterns, which exhibits attractive potential for fifth‐generation indoor communication in sub‐6 GHz.
•Construction of a digitalised dataset containing all drugs approved in the orange book by the food and drug administration since 1985 to 2020.•Pharmaceutical patents appear to be increasingly ...oriented to secure appropriability conditions.•Strong skewness in patent applications trade names and increasing patent thickness over time.•Decreasing ratio of orange book patents receiving public support.•Firm-level strong correlation between patent portfolio and profitability.
Are intellectual property rights institutions meant to foster innovative activity or conversely to secure appropriation and profitability? Taking stock of a long-term empirical evidence on the pharmaceutical sector in the US, we can hardly support IPRs intended as an innovation rewarding institution. According to our analysis, pharma patents have constituted legal barriers to protect intellectual monopolies rather than an incentive and a reward to innovative efforts. Patenting strategies appear to be quite aggressive in extending knowledge borders and enlarging the space protected from the possibility of infringement. This is also witnessed by the fact that patent applications are very skewed in the covered trade names and patent thickness expands over time. Conversely, the ratio of patents protecting new drugs approved by the FDA which draw upon government-sponsored research – as such, a mark for quality – falls. Firm-level analysis on profitability confirms strong correlation, restricted to publicly traded pharmaceutical companies, between patent portfolio and profit margins.
In this paper, we untangle the searchable and experiential dimensions of quality responses to entry by counterfeiters in emerging markets with weak intellectual property rights. Our theoretical ...framework analyzes market equilibria under competition from counterfeiting as well as under monopoly branding. A key theoretical prediction is that emerging markets can be self-corrective with respect to counterfeiting issues in the following sense: First, counterfeiters can earn positive profits by pooling with authentic brands only when consumers have good faith in the market (i.e., they believe there is low probability that any product is a counterfeit). When the proportion of counterfeits in the market exceeds a cutoff value, brands invest in self-differentiation from the competitive-fringe counterfeiters. Second, to attain a separating equilibrium with counterfeiters, branded incumbents upgrade the searchable quality (e.g., appearance) of their products more and improve the experiential quality (e.g., functionality) less compared with monopoly equilibrium. However, in the pooling equilibrium with sporadic counterfeits, authentic firms instead may invest in experiential quality to attract more of the expert consumers who are well versed in quality. This prediction uncovers the nature of product differentiation in the searchable dimension and helps with analyzing real-world innovation strategies employed by authentic firms in response to entries by counterfeit entities. In addition, welfare analysis hints at a nonlinear relationship between social welfare and intellectual property enforcement.
Summary
This article introduces a super wideband along with three notch bands circular patch monopole antenna. The design structure is applicable for microwave and high‐speed wireless devices (2.19 ...to 25 GHz). In order to create a broad band, a ring dimension circular patch is used. To generate three notch bands, six symmetrical tiny cylinder stubs are introduced on the ground. These notch band frequencies can eliminate unwanted interference from various wireless frequencies, which mainly cover three notch bands: 5.5–7.3, 12.05–14.46, and 17.71–19.5 GHz. The steady radiation, super bandwidth, and stable gain properties expand when the ring patch and line feed are combined. It is excellent for many UWB applications because of its compact size (39 × 29 mm 2) and large bandwidth (166.97% fractional bandwidth). This model employs various size reduction and matching approaches to get a better response. The mechanisms of these structures are identified, and overall performance is compared with parametric analysis, tables, and figure.
This article introduces a super wideband along with three notch bands circular patch monopole antenna. The design structure is applicable for microwave and high‐speed wireless devices in the range of frequencies 2.19 to 25 GHz. To generate three notch bands, six symmetrical tiny cylinder stubs are introduced on the ground. These notch band frequencies can eliminate unwanted interference from various wireless frequencies, which mainly cover three notch bands 5.5–7.3, 12.05–14.46, and 17.71–19.5 GHz.
Multiproduct Pricing Made Simple Armstrong, Mark; Vickers, John
The Journal of political economy,
08/2018, Letnik:
126, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We study multiproduct firms in the contexts of unregulated monopoly, regulated monopoly, and Cournot oligopoly. Using the concept of consumer surplus as a function of quantities (rather than prices), ...we present simple formulas for optimal prices and show that Cournot equilibrium exists and corresponds to a Ramsey optimum. We then discuss a tractable class of preferences that involve a generalized form of homotheticity. Profit-maximizing quantities are proportional to efficient quantities. We discuss optimal monopoly regulation when the firm has private information about its cost vector and find situations in which optimal regulation leaves relative price decisions to the firm.
•Heat transfer of quadruple synthetic jets is studied by IR thermography.•The signature of the coherent structures is visible at short impingement distances.•The monopole-like jet offers the lowest ...heat transfer rates.•The 90-deg-circularly-shifted-jets configuration offers the highest cooling rates.•Dependence on the phase configuration reduces with the impingement distance.
In this work, the heat transfer performance of impinging quadruple synthetic jets is experimentally investigated by means of infrared thermography and the heated thin foil technique. Four configurations (monopole-like, dipole-like, quadrupole-like and 90-degrees-circularly-shifted-jets), obtained by introducing different phase shifts between the single synthetic jets, are comparatively studied at constant values of the Reynolds and Strouhal numbers, equal to 4000 and 0.2, respectively. It is shown that the heat transfer behavior is strictly related to the dynamics of the coherent vortex structures that form after the interaction of the vortex rings inherent to the single jets. The signature of these vortical structures on the heat transfer distributions is evident at short impingement distances, where the most significant differences between the investigated configurations are indeed found. In the comparison, the 90-degrees-circularly-shifted-jets configuration is observed to offer the highest heat transfer rates, although with the lowest degree of uniformity, while the monopole-like jet is characterized by the lowest Nusselt number values and the highest uniformity. As the impingement distance increases, these differences are progressively smeared out and the four configurations exhibit equivalent performance from the viewpoints of both magnitude and uniformity of the heat transfer rate.
This paper studies the price‐setting behavior of a monopoly facing two capacity constraints: one on the number of its consumers, and the other on the amount of products it can sell. The ...characterization of the firm's optimal pricing and optimal customer mix as a function of its two capacities reveals a rich structure. In contrast to the results under one‐dimensional capacity constraints with constant marginal cost of production, a firm may optimally respond to an exogenous reduction in one of its capacities by decreasing one of its prices. Moreover, neglecting the existence of the second capacity constraint can reverse some policy interventions' effects on consumer welfare. In particular, easing a regulatory restriction on one of the constraints may harm the average consumer.
This study investigates the role of exclusive content provision in two‐sided markets in which both sides are allowed to join multiple platforms. We consider a model of duopolistic two‐sided platform ...market with a monopolistic multiproduct firm (content provider) on one side and consumers on the other. The model demonstrates that the monopolistic content provider uses exclusivity as strategic commitment to balance two opposite effects on its bargaining power: the positive effect caused by the increase in multihoming consumers and the negative effect caused by the restriction of distribution channels.
The number and impact of open source projects is increasing. We examine the impact of competition from open source software (OSS) on proprietary software providers by analyzing three cases: (i) ...proprietary software as a monopoly, (ii) mixed duopoly competition between proprietary software provider and OSS, and (i) duopoly competition between two proprietary software providers. We use an analytical model to capture two important features of OSS: (i) its zero licensing price and (ii) its lower usability in comparison with proprietary software. Prior studies have shown that competition from OSS causes the proprietary software provider to produce software that is both lower quality and lower priced than software offered by a monopolist. In contrast, our paper shows that these results hold under certain conditions but are not always true. We find that competition from OSS can induce the proprietary software provider to increase its software quality and price relative to those of the monopolist when the proprietary software provider's cost of enhancing software quality is moderate. Surprisingly, we also find that competition from OSS can lead to a reduction in social welfare. Whereas prior research has shown this result in the context of network effects, we show that this can occur in the absence of network effects and offer a novel explanation.
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