U ovom radu autor nastoji pridonijeti boljemu razumijevanju stvarnosti ljudske osobne moralne nutrine iz perspektive belgijskoga moralnoga teologa Servaisa Pinckaersa. Nju se razumijeva u kontekstu ...danas dominantnoga znanstvenoga pogleda na svijet, u kojem kategorije tehničkih i ostalih pozitivnih znanosti svojom dominacijom dovode u pitanje ljudski oblik postojanja i djelovanja. Nakon uvodnih misli u važnost, vrijednost i nužnost interdisciplinarne suradnje, daje se uvid u dvostruka temeljna obilježja ljudskoga života, ovisno o tom imaju li ista obilježja svoj oslonac u moralnoj nutrini ljudske osobe ili tek proizlaze iz tehničkoga i pozitivnoga pogleda na svijet.
Ovaj se članak usredotočuje na razvoj moralne teologije u slovačkom društvu od 1990‑ih. Bavi se fenomenima usko povezanim s čovjekovim moralom (ljudskom prirodom, ljudskim pravima, autonomijom osobne ...savjesti, slobodnom voljom, vrijednostima istine, dobrote, ljepote, dispozicijama dobre volje, općim dobrom i potrebom za povratkom vrlinama). Prvi je preduvjet za izlaganje sadržaja ovog rada tvrdnja kako je samo čovjek sposoban za moralni život. U tom smislu postavljaju se tri pitanja: 1. Koji se trendovi mogu prepoznati u moralnoj teologiji u Slovačkoj i Srednjoj Europi u prošlosti i sadašnjosti? 2. Zašto je važna suradnja između moralne teologije i moralne filozofije? 3. Kakav utjecaj moralna teologija i moralna filozofija imaju na rast općeg dobra (bonum communis) i na odnos između slobode, savjesti i istine? U studiji se implementiraju analitičke, refleksivne i komparativne metode. U konačnom zaključku također ćemo se poslužiti i metodom sinteze. Pomoću analitičke metode naglasit ćemo one specifičnosti koje čitatelju približavaju značenje, važnost i sliku osobe s »moralnim licem«. Polazište te tvrdnje bit će kršćanstvo s njegovim visokim osjećajem za humanost, koje se u Slovačkoj trajno formiralo u 9. stoljeću kao rezultat misionarske aktivnosti dvojice solunske braće Konstantina Ćirila (827. – 869.) i Metoda (826. – 885). Također ćemo u tekstu uporabiti komparativnu metodu kada ćemo pokušati usporediti tradicionalnu moralnu teologiju u Slovačkoj prije i nakon 1990. Godine, kada je na nju utjecao sekularizam, liberalizam, relativizam i praktički materijalizam. Metoda sinteze omogućit će nam da izvučemo određene zaključke, uzimajući u obzir dinamiku fleksibilnih postmoderno‑liberalnih utjecaja, antropološko‑normativnih i multikulturnih pristupa, kao i najnovije znanstvene tehnologije i nanotehnologije, koji povećavaju demoralizaciju društva razbijanjem integriteta tijela i norme tradicionalnog obiteljskog reda. Čovjek i društvo ne mogu postojati odvojeno, jer je identitet osobe u društvu znak samosvijesti i istodobno osnova pripadnosti društvu, naciji, etničkoj pripadnosti i državi. Od 1990. moralna teologija u Slovačkoj nastoji se oduprijeti sekularnim tendencijama: posebice hedonizmu i praktičnom materijalizmu, diktaturi relativizma, etično‑aksiološkoj i kulturnoj varijabilnosti, stoga što one nemaju potporu u univerzalnim normama, ali isto tako i seksualnoj slobodi bez odgovornosti te socijalnoj ravnodušnosti. Spomenuto podrivanje tradicionalnog sustava vrijednosti, gubitak objektivnosti, ideologizacija kulture života, degenerirani multikulturalni pristup bez čvrstih moralnih načela i potpuna globalizacija namjerno su prikazivani kao poželjni. To su razlozi zašto se temeljni pojmovi atomiziraju do te mjere da postaju beznačajni. Ti trendovi, međutim, nisu samo opasni nego su i protuljudski zbog svoje podrške demoralizaciji. U zaključnom dijelu studija pokušava razjasniti dvije stvari: zašto se vjera ne bi trebala odvojiti od morala i zašto je prisutnost i živo svjedočanstvo kršćana važno u kontekstu 21. stoljeća.
Conscience plays a major role in the moral observance of our personal, religious and professional lives. Being conscientious in the gifted freedom of action and moral responsibility of committing to ...act rightly in a conformist society with prevailing pluralistic bio/ethical beliefs, exposes us to many existential struggles to persevere in this conscientious conduct. This is especially evident in the application of numerous scientific advances in clinical practice, which opens a space for conflicting situations, by participating in scientific research, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and interventions that are not in line with the moral conscience of the individual, where pragmatic goals conflict with medical ethics, the protection of human rights and dignity of life, which consequently requires: the preservation of conscientious commitment, the appeal of conscience. For the appeal of conscience to be morally grounded, it is necessary to become more familiar with the etymological and moral definition of conscience in the context of theological doctrine, to respect bio-legal determinants in ethical and professional principles that affirm the freedom of thought, conscience and religion as fundamental human rights, guaranteed by international documents and codes of medical ethics and deontology. Their joint initiatives support the moral responsibility of conscientious conduct which requires respect for the dignity, inviolability and sanctity of human life, which are particularly prominent in the perspective of Christian anthropology, moral theology and personalistic bioethics.
U Europi se suvremena teorija kazuistike u posljednje vrijeme nije osobito razvijala niti joj se posvećivala velika pozornost u pravnoj znanosti od 50-ih godina 20. stoljeća kada je Viehwegov pokušaj ...ponovnog uvođenja kazuističkog (topičkog) pristupa doživio neuspjeh. Ipak, problemi vezani uz ovu temu nisu nestali te se i danas mnogi pravni stručnjaci (odvjetnici i suci) i dalje suočavaju s istim dilemama s kojima su se suočavali i srednjovjekovni ispovjednici i kazuisti. Ovaj rad se u tom smislu bavi pitanjem može li bilo koja nova čvrsta teorija pravne kazuistike, koja se temelji bilo na kazuistici kojom se koriste teolozi i ispovjednici ili na kazuistici kojom se danas koriste etičari, posebice u bioetičkim znanostima, koristiti pravnim stručnjacima kon- tinentalnog prava koji su naviknuti na sustavno umjesto na kazuističko razmišljanje, a koji i nadalje sumnjaju u teoriju jedinog točnog odgovora ili se nalaze u situaciji pravne nesigurnosti zbog bilo kojeg razloga.
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Najopsežnije djelo moralne teologije pisano hrvatskim jezikom u 18. stoljeću (1784) jest Bogoljubni nauk fra Mate Zoričića (sačuvano je 1538 stranica) u kojem su sukladno vremenu bili obrađeni svi ...postojeći i mogući slučajevi savjesti (casus conscientiae). Osim što pruža dobar uvid u moralno stanje tadašnjega hrvatskoga puka (sklonost vračanju, čedomorstvu, raznovrsnim preljubima, sklonosti trgovaca varanju kupaca, poimanje drugoga i drugačijega i sl.), znatno obogaćuje hrvatsko znanstveno nazivlje (npr. conscientia je ‘grizodušje’) te nam daje vrstan uvid u tadašnje stvaranje znanstvenoga djela (citira naime 156 autora iz struke u 965 citata). Ta se silna “učenost” ipak propitkuje pogotovo kada detaljnom analizom dolazimo do zaključka da se Zoričić, pišući svoj Bogoljubni nauk, služio gotovo jedino djelom Examen ecclesiasticum Felicea Potestà i neznatno djelima Medulla theologiae moralis Hermanna Busenbauma te Istruzione e pratica pei confessori sv. Alfonza Marije de’ Liguorija.
Provider: - Institution: University of Zagreb. Catholic Faculty of Theology. Department of Moral Theology. - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Dr. Andrija Živković, svestrani intelektualac ...svoga vremena koji se hrabro suočavao s različitim teološkim pitanjima i problemima, vrstan teolog, znanstvenik koji se nije povodio za trenutnim uspjesima, obilježio je svojim interdisciplinarnim načinom promišljanja teološko-crkveni i društveni život u Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od druge polovine 19. do prve polovine 20. stoljeća. Autorica ovim radom želi predstaviti zaokruženu preglednu studiju o Andriji Živkoviću na temelju bogate arhivske građe i koristeći se elementima istraživačke, interpretacijske, sintetičko-kritičke i narativne metode te donosi nove spoznaje o njegovu životu i znanstvenom radu. Znanstveni opus kao i bogati biografski podatci o tom velikanu povijesti moralno-teološke misli u Hrvata ne zaslužuju da ostanu zatvoreni u prostorijama arhivâ, već autorica želi da iziđu na svjetlo dana kako bi obogatili znanstvenu teološku misao. Andrija Živković bio je ne samo izniman znanstvenik svoga vremena nego je djelovao i kao svećenik, promicatelj vjerskog ujedinjenja i kršćanske kulture. Njegovo je djelovanje ostavilo duboke tragove ne samo na Katoličkome bogoslovnom fakultetu u Zagrebu, na kojem je i sam radio kao dugogodišnji profesor i pročelnik Katedre moralne teologije, nego i kod katoličke inteligencije i svećenstva. Da bi sadržaj rada bio što sustavniji, rad je podijeljen na tri poglavlja. U prvom poglavlju prikazuje se život i rad Andrije Živkovića. U drugom poglavlju autorica izborom tema iz fundamentalnog morala prikazuje teološku misao Andrije Živkovića, naglašavajući pritom rukopis Osnovnoga moralnog bogoslovlja iz 1948. godine. U trećem poglavlju autorica s upitnim prizvukom progovara o Andriji Živkoviću kao kritičaru društva ili socijalnom etičaru- Dr. Andrija Živković, a versatile intellectual of his time, who bravely confronted various theological issues and problems; an accomplished theologian, a scientist who did not pursue instant acclaim, who contributed to the interdisciplinary school of thought in theological-ecclesial and social life in Croatia in the period from the second half of the nineteenth century to fi rst half of the twentieth century. The author, through this work, has sought to present a broad synoptic study of Andrija Živković. Thus, on the basis of rich archival material, among which were found several hitherto unknown manuscripts (Osnovno moralno bogoslovljeBasic moral theology, Kršćanske kreposti uopće, a bogoslovske i stožerne napose Christian virtues in general, and theological and cardinal in particular, Friedrich Nietzsche kao protivnik kršćanskog morala Friedrich Nietzsche as an opponent of Cristian morality, Razgovori o vjeri i nevjeri A conversation on faith and disbelief, Razmatranja o etici i moralu Considerations of ethics and morality. Komunistički »moralˮ pred sudom fi lozofi je i znanosti The communist »moralˮ before the court of philosophy and science, and Katolička društvena nauka Catholic social doctrine), and research methods, interpretative, synthetic-critical and narrative methods, fresh insights were gained into his life and scientifi c work. To make the content of this contributed presentation more systematic, this doctoral thesis is divided into three chapters. The fi rst chapter explores the life and work of Dr. Andrija Živković, regarding which based on hitherto unexplored archived materials we have arrived at new and important information on the life of this Catholic theologian. In this chapter of work the author reveals the personality of Andrija Živković, thereby positioning him in the context of his contemporary time period. Thanks to information that has remained recorded in the Personal diary of Professor Živković, we have glimpsed at the society in which he moved as well as the persons he encountered, and we have come to better understand his character traits. Homilije Homilies of Dr. Živković, which also remained among the heritage of archival material, represents a chronicle of a certain period while at the same time revealing his personality and thoughts. It speaks to us on the importance of personal faith in the life of the individual, of maintaining one’s relationship with God, and teaches us what kind of Christian to be in our world. Andrija Živković emphasized the value of church documents and encyclicals to make them more interesting during study, especially when considering one’s fellow priests in caring for their education. His ponderings on Christian culture have Christ as their basis, just as the foundation of European culture should also be. His special contribution to the society of his time is augmented by a rebuttal of the doctrine of ethical culture, which emphasizes man and his mind and construction of morality without God. Through his activities, Živković has spanned a longer time period than the magazine Bogoslovska smotra Theological Review with its multitude of presentations, reviews, sketches and scientifi c articles.
The second chapter of this doctoral thesis examines the theological thinking of Dr. Andrija Živković, regarding which the author states that, despite the immense effort invested by him in theology, he remained „trappedˮ in the framework of traditional theological thinking of the time in which he lived and was active. In his theological thinking Živković was a faithful follower of the Thomistic tradition, while also leaning on the original thinking of other church fathers and moral theologians who were of particular relevance in the time he lived and was active. Since his time was characterized by talk of morals without God, thoughts of the Christian giants (Augustine, Albert the Great, St. Thomas Aquinas, etc.) were entirely side-lined, and the press of the time killed the shame in man, infatuating him with false pride, all of which motivated him to reach for the thinking of great minds from the church tradition. Although he never digressed in his theological thinking from the scholastic tradition, Živković’s quality was in that he was very specifi c regarding moral issues, and sometimes very harsh in his judgements. He was never static in opinions, but developed his approach, which is also obvious from the fact that he never ran out of examples of man’s life, which he often entered as notes in the very body of his works, which also clearly emphasized his pastoral dimension. Živković’s special excellence lay in his close following of the events of his time not only regarding ideological currents among his contemporaries in society in general, but especially the theological currents within the Church. He expanded his thinking, not only referring to authors of his contemporary world’s area of discourse, but several. The main framework of this chapter of the thesis is based on the manuscript of Osnovno moralno bogoslovlje Basic moral theology of 1948, as compared with the printed edition from 1938, and (for the purpose of gaining the most objective insight into Živković’s theological thinking) in some places the author refers to the work Kristov zakon sv. I Christ’s Holy Law I, by Bernhard Hӓring. The author deals with selected topics surrounding fundamental morality, attempting to demonstrate Živoković’s theological thinking as well as changes that he made to the aforementioned manuscript. When compiling the manuscript of Osnovno moralno bogoslovlje Basic moral theology Živković endeavoured to accept all criticisms offered by relevant theologians of his time on the published printed edition of 1938. It is for this reason that his manuscript gives great attention to the development of Croatian terminology. The novelty of that manuscript lies in the fact that the author introduced changes to the content and order of specifi c topics. So in the manuscript, unlike in the book, he positions his presentation on conscience ahead of his presentation about laws, and offers as his reason the fact that conscience is an inner or closer rule of action, and for that reason he fi rstly discusses conscience, and only then delves into laws that are an external or further rule. It is clear that Živković regards conscience as an inner rule of action, so he speaks about it as being God’s messenger in every man, but such an observation of conscience is due to the psychological perspective, which is especially outlined in the 1948 manuscript. Perhaps this kind of insight into conscience could entice us to conclude for a moment that Živković, in a certain sense, anticipated the doctrine of conscience of the Second Vatican Council. But this would be impossible, since the Council convened after Živković’s death. Rather, this is a case of a shift from a casuistic way of „theologising” through „general terms” and a movement toward „observation of man and his existence.” Conscience as an internal messenger is that which testifi es to every man about his actions, both external and especially those inside, it prompts one if an action is performed, but also if it is missed. This is conscience in psychological terms. As judgement, evaluation or knowledge on the moral virtue of each one’s intended or performed act, conscience dictates whether any action is good or not. This is conscience from a moral perspective, and it is the topic of moral theology, as Živković pointed out in his manuscript. Živković probes deeper in the manuscript into the human person, thereby shifting slightly from a purely objective observation and pursuing a more personal observation of what transpires within a man. From such a form of observation of the human person we arrive at the area of virtue, because a virtuous man can correctly judge on certain things in life. In the latter claim is also the most important emphasis in relation to Živković’s progress in the manuscript regarding the book Osnovno moralno bogoslovlje Basic moral theology, the author
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Pripisano: Hieronymus, De viris illustribus (73b–74a), Ad Magnum oratorem (74a);Cyprianus Thascus Caecilius, Ad Donatum (74a–78b), ...De habitu virginum(78b–84a), De lapsis (84a–93a), De unitate catholicae ecclesiae (93a–100b), Dedominica oratione (100b–109b), De mortalitate (109b–115b), De opere etelemosinis (115b–122a), De bono patientiae (122a–128a), De zelo et livore(128a–132a), Adversus Demetrianum (132a–137b); Johannes Damascenus, Liber gestorum Barlaam et Josaphat (138b–233b).Zapiski stiškega profesa Gregoriga iz l. 1657: o spravnih daritvah v Stični 7. marca 1657 (64a), o Turkih in Benečanih (66a), o papežu Aleksandru VII. in Benečanih (101b).Fizični opis: Foliji v kolektarju, v katerem je poleg drugih avtorjev zastopan tudi Janez Damaščan, so velikosti 29,9 x 18,7 cm. Foliji so obrezani, vendar dobro ohranjeni. Zapis v romanski minuskuli je enokolonski. Besedilo je izpisano s temno rjavo tinto. Incipiti, ekspliciti in začetki odstavkov so izpisani z rdečo, začetnice pa so včasih poudarjene z rumeno tinto. Današnja vezava (rjavo usnje čez karton) je iz let 1765-1780.Okras: Kodeks krasi 115 kaligrafskih inicial različne velikosti (do 8 vrstic), izpisanih z rdečo in črno tinto. Iniciala C (f. 138v) na začetku knjige Janeza Damaščana je izdelana v kombinaciji rdeče in črne tinte. Deblo črke je razcepljeno, vitice, ki zapolnjujejo slikarski prostor, so z dvema okrasnima sponkama pripete na deblo črke. Nataša Golob inicialo pripisuje t. i. Avguštinovemu mojstru.(Katalog rokopisov; Germ 2005, str. 113; gl. tudi: Kos-Stele 1931, str. 27-28; Golob 1994, str. 181; Lackner 2001.)- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Pripisano: Augustinus episcopus: Liber exhortatorius ad quendam comitem (124a–151a).Prilepljen list s tekstom v misalni minuskuli ...14. stol. in liturgičen tekst iz 14. stol.Vezava: Sočasna ali vsaj ne dosti kasnejša vez v rjavo usnje z lesenimi platnicami, na notranjo stran sprednjih platnic je prilepljen list s tekstom v misalni minuskuli 14. stoletja, na notranji strani zadnjih platnic pa liturgičen tekst iz 14. stoletja, ki je od iste roke kot tekst na platnicah jurkloštrskega kodeksa 12; sklep in kovinski gumbi so odpadli.Pisava: Knjižna minuskula, ena roka, en stolpec.Okras: Večje število z rdečilom in črnilom narisanih inicial. Večje se nahajajo na f. 1r - S, 5r - H, 21v - L, 46v - F in 78v - S.(Katalog rokopisov; Kos-Stele 1931, str. 82.)- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Fizični opis: Foliji v kodeksu, ki je na koncu pomanjkljivo ohranjen, so velikosti 29,8 x 21,1 cm. Foliji so obrezani in precej ...poškodovani. Zapis je enokolonski, pisava je romanska minuskula. Besedilo je izpisano s črno tinto, medtem ko so incipiti, ekspliciti in številke poglavij izpisani z rdečo tinto. Današnja vezava (vogali in hrbet iz belega usnja, platnice iz kartona, prevlečenega z rjavim pološčenim papirjem) je iz let 1765-1780.Okras: Kodeks krasi ena večja slikarsko zasnovana iniciala (f. 20v) in več sto do 4 vrstice visokih kaligrafskih inicial, izpisanih z rdečo ali črno tinto. Rdeče začetnice so včasih okrašene z drobnim trilistnim vrhom, medtem ko imajo črne dodano piko rdeče barve. Iniciala D na f. 20v ima tako zaokrožen trebuh, da bi jo lahko zamenjali z veliko črko O. Izrisana je z rjavo tinto, telo je razcepljeno, črkovno polje pa zapolnjeno z dekorativnim vitičevjem. Iniciala ni kolorirana, kar najbrž pomeni, da je ostala nedokončana. Na isti strani je zanimiv detajl iniciale Q, ki ima kot edina v vsem kodeksu vrisan moški obraz. Obličje je duhovit srednjeveški croquis, ki ga lahko razumemo kot avtorski podpis anonimnega mojstra.(Germ 2005, str. 80; gl. tudi Kos-Stele 1931, str. 30-31; Golob 1994, str. 183-184.)- Zapisek psalma iz 13. stol. (1a) in stiškega profesa Gregoriga iz 17. stol. (2b)- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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