Pesticides used in agriculture can have hazardous effects on aquatic organisms, and amphibians are even more threatened than other aquatic vertebrates. Maneb is widely used to control fungal diseases ...on crops, fruits, and vegetables. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute toxic effects of maneb on the common (Bufo bufo) and green toad (Pseudepidalea viridis) tadpoles. Tadpoles at the development stage 21 were exposed to maneb (0-5 mg L
) for 120 h. Maneb LC
values at hour 120 were 1.966 mg L
for B. bufo and 0.332 mg L
for P. viridis. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first published LC
findings for the two species. Visceral oedema and tail deformations were observed in both species. We also observed liver necrosis, pronephric tubule deformations, somite deteriorations, and visceral oedema at maneb concentrations ≥0.1 mg L
for B. bufo and ≥0.05 mg L
for P. viridis. Our results show that B. bufo tadpoles have a much higher resilience to maneb than P. viridis tadpoles. This resilience seems to be related to the larger size of the B. bufo tadpoles and their ability to metamorphose faster in adverse conditions. Future research should look into the mechanisms of toxic action of maneb in anurans.
Pesticidi u poljoprivrednoj uporabi mogu biti opasni za vodene organizme, a najugroženiji među vodenim kralježnjacima su vodozemci. Maneb se rabi za suzbijanje gljivičnih bolesti usjeva, voća i povrća. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi akutnu toksičnost maneba u punoglavaca smeđe (Bufo bufo) i zelene krastače (Pseudepidalea viridis). U tu smo svrhu punoglavce u 21. stadiju razvoja izložili manebu (0-5 mg L
). Po svršetku izloženosti (120 h), LC
maneba iznosio je 1,966 mg L
u B. bufo te 0,332 mg L
u P. viridis. Koliko znamo, ove vrijednosti dosada nisu objavljene za ove dvije vrste. Osim letalne koncentracije, pri koncentracijama maneba ≥0.1 mg L
za B. bufo odnosno ≥0.05 mg L
za P. viridis utvrdili smo i nekrozu jetara, deformacije predbubrežnoga kanalića, propadanje somita te visceralni edem. Naši rezultati pokazuju da su punoglavci smeđe krastače značajno otporniji na maneb od punoglavaca zelene krastače.
Novi model patogeneze karcinoma jajnika Babarović, Emina; Krašević, Maja; Eminović, Senija
Medicina fluminensis,
09/2016, Letnik:
52, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Karcinom jajnika je vodeći uzrok smrti među zloćudnim novotvorinama ženskog spolnog sustava. Usprkos pokušajima razvoja programa probira s ciljem ranog otkrivanja bolesti, kao i novim terapijskim ...pristupima, mortalitet nije značajno smanjen. Jedan od razloga ovog neuspjeha bio je slabo razumijevanje patogeneze karcinoma jajnika koji je smatran jedinstvenom bolešću. Nove spoznaje pokazuju da je karcinom jajnika vrlo heterogena bolest, koja se na temelju kliničkopatoloških karakteristika te molekularnih i genetičkih promjena može podijeliti u dvije skupine: tip 1 i tip 2 tumori. Ovaj novi model patogeneze karcinoma jajnika danas ima važan klinički i terapijski značaj
Straipsnyje nagrinėjama gotų kalbos būdvardžių bevardės giminės vienaskaitos vardininko ir galininko formų morfologinė kaita – trumpesniosios grynojo kamieno formos ir įvardinės galūnės -ata ...pakaitinė vartosena – ir siekiama nustatyti kaitos priežastis bei įvertinti jos reikšmę diachroniniu požiūriu. Nagrinėjami gotų Naujojo Testamento duomenys liudija, kad įvardinė galūnė būdinga ne vien būdvardžiams, bet ir kitiems modifikatorių tipams, ir galūnės vartosenos neveikia sintaksinė aplinka. Vadinasi, pakaitinės formos nelaikytinos sintaksiškai determinuotais alomorfais. Argumentuojama, kad paliudyta formų kaita leidžia rekonstruoti germanų kalbų stipriosios būdvardžių linksniuotės raidą, o būdvardžiai įgijo savo įvardines galūnes ne tiesiogiai iš rodomojo įvardžio paradigmos, bet per tarpinę grandį – kitus modifikatorius. Morfologinė formų kaita ir netolygaus įvardinės galūnės vartojimo paliudijimas rodo, kad -ata yra žymėta reliktinė forma, liudijanti apie įvairius modifikatorių vartojimo ypatumus germanų prokalbėje.
U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja laboratorijske klijavosti i morfoloških značajki klijanaca europskoga pitomoga kestena (Castanea sativa Mill.). Uzorci za istraživanja sakupljeni su u ...submediteranskom području Hrvatske, a radni uzorak za ispitivanje klijavosti iznosio je 8×25 sjemenki. Sjeme je do ispitivanja klijavosti čuvano tri mjeseca u hladnjaku na temperaturi od 3 °C. Postotak laboratorijske klijavosti utvrđen je prema postotku pravilnih klijanaca koji su normalno proklijali nakon 27 dana ispitivanja. Ispitivanje je provedeno u laboratoriju prema uvjetima koje propisuje ISTA (International Seed Testing Association). Izrađen je katalog sa slikama i opisom nepravilnih klijanaca. Na osnovi definiranih kodova nepravilnih klijanaca moguće je preventivno djelovati kako bi se reducirale nepoželjne jedinke. Rezultati ovog istraživanja od velike su koristi za razumijevanje složenoga procesa klijanja sjemena, kako u laboratoriju, tako i šumskim rasadnicima.
ABOUT THE LITHUANIAN INFIX PRESENTSSummaryIn the modern Lithuanian and Latvian languages and their dialects the nasal infix verbs have the meaning of the state or its change. In the Indo-European ...languages the meaning of the verbs was a bit different. Some of the old languages — Greek, Latin, Sanskrit — etymological relationships mean an active action (Lat. f undo “lieju”, Skr. chinátti “pjauna”, Celt, bongid “laužo”), the others — the state or its change (Lat. ninquit “sninga”, Skr. dhvamsati “nyksta, yra”). The facts of the comparative languages give an idea that there might be nasal verbs in the Baltic languages with the meaning of active action.Eight out of 15 given verbs, having parallel present stems in a, ia and nasal infix, are used in the meaning of active action. The better part of them are effective (rañka, žañga, senka, reñta, šiñka, kruñša, pluñka, bruñka). This fact might be not new in the history of the Baltic languages. It might reflect the formation period of the verbs of the Baltic languages, when infix presents had no differentiated semantics.
THE ROLE OF ANALOGY IN THE EVOLUTION OF FORM IN LATVIAN PERSONAL PRONOUNSSummaryIn the article it is assumed that Latvian personal pronouns have inherited the “classical” case paradigm from the ...Lithuanian—Latvian parent language with a well-differentiated inflexion. The great variety of pronominal inflections in Latvian dialects and old manuscripts can be explained by the different conditions affecting the evolution of the language. Word-ending phonological and morphological changes, which created favourable conditions for the so-called changes by analogy, have resulted in morphological modifications in the system of all inflectional words.Therefore, the article is concerned with: (a) the process of neutralization of the singular accusative and instrumental cases in the () о and ()ā-stem paradigms (which occurred after the above-mentioned phonological changes); (b) the effect of neutralization on identical cases of singular personal pronouns; (c) the effect of prepositions, which govern several cases, on the process of neutralization.The article also deals with the influence of the accusative-instrumental cases of singular pronouns on the modification of the plural pronominal paradigms, and with conditions and variants of the modification in question.On the basis of the data from Latvian dialects and old manuscripts a conclusion can be drawn that the modifications in the personal pronominal paradigms could have begun prior to the written language.
ON THE ORIGIN OF SOME PRONOUNSSummaryThis article is concerned with the origin of the Baltic general pronouns *visas, *visei, *visa “all”, the Lithuanian adjectival pronouns of (k)-oks “what” type ...and the Prussian stas “this”.1. The synchronic semantic analysis of the Baltic general pronouns (Lith. vìsas, visì, vìsa, Lat. viss, visi, OPr. *wiss, wissai, wissa(n)) indicates that the meaning of the pronouns in question is in close affinity to the concept of multitude.The plural forms visi, Lat. visi, Pr. wissai and the absolute forms vìsa, Lat. viss, Pr. wissa(n) usually have the meaning of general pronouns; the singular forms, however, have the meaning of general pronouns in combination with collective nouns. When combined with other nouns, they acquire the meaning of adjectives denoting size.The above-mentioned semantic structure was inherited from the Baltic parent language. Since the Baltic general pronouns under discussion are closely related to the concept of multitude, they can be regarded as derivatives from the reduced grade vis- of the verbal stem *veis- “to increase”, “to multiply”, “to procreate”, cf. Lith. veisti(s) and visti, Lat. veist, viest (ies) and Pr. wēisin “fruit”.The interpretation presented above can be verified by looking at the origin of general pronouns in other Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages from verbs meaning “to increase”, “to grow”, “to multiply”, “to procreate”, “to cultivate, raise”, “to be”, “to exist”, “to stand” and “to live”.2. Diachronically the Lithuanian pronouns of (k)-oks type are not exclusively derived from the suffix *-āk-; if they were derived from the suffix *-āk- only, in Modern Lithuanian there would be pronouns with o- resp. ā- stems, such as *kokas, *koka, cf. О SI. kаkъ, kaka, kako.On the basis of the forms kokìs resp. kok found in old literary texts and dialects one may conclude that the pronouns in question are compounds formed from collocations whose first component is the uninflected form *(k)-āka which, in its turn, is derived from the pronoun stems *kita-, *i-or *ši-, *ta-, *ana-, *ka-, *(v)eina- > viena- and from the comparative suffix *-āk-. The second component of the compound pronouns in question is the enclitic pronoun * (j) is (resp. * (j) ī) which, according to the law of Wackernagel, is the second member of the morphological sentence.3. According to the synchronic semantic analysis the Prussian demonstrative pronoun stas can be considered a pronoun denoting distance and having the distinctive feature of proximity. The pronoun stas can be regarded as a compound formed from *si and *tas, or as a compound formed from the collocation *se tas, cf. Lith. dial, še tàs “this”.
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