Heat exposure has become a global threat to human health and life with increasing temperatures and frequency of extreme heat events. Considering risk as a function of both heat vulnerability and ...hazard intensity, this study examines whether poor urban dwellers residing in slums are exposed to higher temperature, adding to their vulnerable demographic and health conditions. Instead of being restricted by sampling size of pixels or other land surface zones, this study follows the intrinsic latent patterns of the heat phenomenon to examine the association between small clusters of slums and heat patterns. Remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST) datasets of moderate resolution are employed to derive the morphological features of the temperature patterns in the city of Ahmedabad, India at the local scale. The optimal representations of temperature pattern morphology are learnt automatically from temporally adjacent images without manually choosing model hyper-parameters. The morphological features are then evaluated to identify the local scale temperature pattern at slum locations. Results show that in particular locations with slums are exposed to a locally high temperature. More specifically, larger slums tend to be exposed to a more intense locally high temperature compared to smaller slums. Due to the small size of slums in Ahmedabad, it is hard to conclude whether slums are impacting the locally high temperature, or slums are more likely to be located in poorly built places already with a locally high temperature. This study complements the missing dimension of hazard investigation to heat-related risk analysis of slums. The study developed a workflow of exploring the temperature patterns at the local scale and examination of heat exposure of slums. It extends the conventional city scale urban temperature analysis into local scales and introduces morphological measurements as new parameters to quantify temperature patterns at a more detailed level.
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•A workflow of investigating local scale temperature patterns is proposed.•Morphological parameters characterize the intrinsic temperature patterns without the restriction of the pixel size.•In particular, slums are exposed to locally high temperature.•Larger slums tend to be exposed to more intense locally high temperature.
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•Drying of sessile bio-colloidal droplets (biomolecules, -fluids, microbial active matter).•Catalogs and links dried patterns to clinical symptoms and diseases.•Emerging cross-scale ...experimental techniques with machine learning algorithms.•Perspectives on approaches for disease diagnosis, bio-sensing, and pathogenesis.
Drying of biologically-relevant sessile droplets, including passive systems such as DNA, proteins, plasma, and blood, as well as active microbial systems comprising bacterial and algal dispersions, has garnered considerable attention over the last decades. Distinct morphological patterns emerge when bio-colloids undergo evaporative drying, with significant potential in a wide range of biomedical applications, spanning bio-sensing, medical diagnostics, drug delivery, and antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, the prospects of novel and thrifty bio-medical toolkits based on drying bio-colloids have driven tremendous progress in the science of morphological patterns and advanced quantitative image-based analysis. This review presents a comprehensive overview of bio-colloidal droplets drying on solid substrates, focusing on the experimental progress during the last ten years. We provide a summary of the physical and material properties of relevant bio-colloids and link their native composition (constituent particles, solvent, and concentrations) to the patterns emerging due to drying. We specifically examined the drying patterns generated by passive bio-colloids (e.g., DNA, globular, fibrous, composite proteins, plasma, serum, blood, urine, tears, and saliva). This article highlights how the emerging morphological patterns are influenced by the nature of the biological entities and the solvent, micro- and global environmental conditions (temperature and relative humidity), and substrate attributes like wettability. Crucially, correlations between emergent patterns and the initial droplet compositions enable the detection of potential clinical abnormalities when compared with the patterns of drying droplets of healthy control samples, offering a blueprint for the diagnosis of the type and stage of a specific disease (or disorder). Recent experimental investigations of pattern formation in the bio-mimetic and salivary drying droplets in the context of COVID-19 are also presented. We further summarized the role of biologically active agents in the drying process, including bacteria, algae, spermatozoa, and nematodes, and discussed the coupling between self-propulsion and hydrodynamics during the drying process. We wrap up the review by highlighting the role of cross-scale in situ experimental techniques for quantifying sub-micron to micro-scale features and the critical role of cross-disciplinary approaches (e.g., experimental and image processing techniques with machine learning algorithms) to quantify and predict the drying-induced features. We conclude the review with a perspective on the next generation of research and applications based on drying droplets, ultimately enabling innovative solutions and quantitative tools to investigate this exciting interface of physics, biology, data sciences, and machine learning.
Following recent advances in the morphological interpretations of the tegmen basal cell margins in the Paraneoptera, a standardized and homology-driven groundplan terminology for tegmina types, ...structures and vein patterns in Hemiptera Fulgoromorpha, including fossils, is proposed. Each term is listed with a morphological definition, compared and linked to the main systems of planthopper forewing description that have been reviewed. The importance of a standardized and homology-driven terminology is stressed to enhance the quality of data in taxonomic descriptions and to strengthen phylogenetic morphological analysis results. When the interpretation of the origin of vein branches is render difficult, a three-step strategy for pattern recognition of the vein is proposed based on two principles: (1) vein forks are more informative than topology of the vein branches: a search for homologous areas, the nodal cells in particular, must first guide the recognition rather the number of branches of a vein, and (2) minimum of ad hoc evolutionary events should be invoked in the understanding of a modified vein pattern. Examples of some conflicting interpretations of venation patterns in planthoppers are discussed within different families for both extant and extinct taxa. For the first time, the concept of brachypterism is defined in a non-relative way independently from other structures, and the new one of hyperpterism is proposed; a reporting system is proposed for each of them.
•The curing process of CEBs increased the molecular polarity.•Coarse-grained process and particle expansion contribute to the evolution of morphological pattern with curing.•Van der Waals force and ...hydrogen comprised the primary bonding between bitumen and epoxy.
Cold-mixed epoxy bitumen (CEB) has gained much importance due to the demand for high-performance materials in pavement construction. In addition to the curing process of epoxy bitumen, which has been comprehensively investigated, the bitumen-epoxy interface also critically influences the mechanical properties of CEBs. Therefore, this study explored the bitumen-epoxy interface based on experiments and molecular dynamic simulation. In the experiment part, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was adopted to characterize the chemical reaction that occurred in the epoxy bitumen. Besides, this study used the fluorescent microscope (FM) to experimentally observe the morphological evolution of CEBs as the curing proceeded. Concerning the molecular dynamic simulation, four simplified epoxy models with varying characteristics and their related bitumen-epoxy interface models were considered in the simulation. The results indicated that the curing process would increase the average molecular weight and the molecular polarity. Experimental observation of the bitumen-epoxy interface revealed that the formation of the bitumen-epoxy interface included two primary processes, which were the coarse-grained process and particle expansion process. Simulation results showed that the bonding between bitumen and epoxy was composed of van der Waals force and hydrogen force. Besides, the interphase distance was positively correlated with average molecular weight and reaction degree.
Numerous studies utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have observed sex and interhemispheric disparities in sulcal morphology, which could potentially underpin certain functional disparities in ...the human brain. Most of the existing research examines the precentral sulcus comprehensively, with a rare focus on its subsections. To explore the morphology, asymmetry, and sex disparities within the inferior precentral sulcus (IPCS), we acquired 3.0T magnetic resonance images from 92 right-handed Chinese adolescents. Brainvisa was used to reconstruct the IPCS structure and calculate its mean depth (MD). Based on the morphological patterns of IPCS, it was categorized into five distinct types. Additionally, we analyzed four different types of spatial relationships between IPCS and inferior frontal sulcus (IFS). There was a statistically significant sex disparity in the MD of IPCS, primarily observed in the right hemisphere. Females exhibited significantly greater asymmetry in the MD of IPCS compared to males. No statistically significant sex or hemispheric variations were identified in sulcal patterns. Our findings expand the comprehension of inconsistencies in sulcal structure, while also delivering an anatomical foundation for the study of related regions' function.
Microstructural features of austenite formation, including the growth morphologies and partitioning of alloying elements, during reverse transformation in a Fe-9.6Ni-7.1Mn (at.%) martensitic steel ...have been studied by phase field modelling with a coupled diffusional/displacive mechanism. Typical morphological patterns of reversed austenite transformed from lath martensite are revealed by the simulation results, containing acicular austenite (γA) formed along the martensite lath boundaries and globular austenite (γG) formed along the high angle prior austenite grain boundaries. It is also shown that the growth of γA, as governed by a combined displacive and diffusional mechanism, is accompanied by a higher enrichment of alloying elements (Mn and Ni) compared with γG, which is governed by a diffusional mechanism. Meanwhile, γG tends to grow preferentially to one side of the prior austenite grain boundaries, due to the presence of partial non-orientation relationship with adjacent martensite laths during the transformation. At the later stage of the reverse transformation, invasive growth behavior of γG to γA after impingement is found due to the minimization of gradient energy in the system and the concentration difference of alloying elements within the two types of reversed austenite. A possible mechanism for grain refinement during intercritical annealing process is finally proposed.
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•Both displacive and diffusional mechanisms are considered by phase field modelling.•Different orientation relationship induces preferential growth of globular austenite.•Invasive growth behavior of globular austenite to acicular austenite is observed.•A possible mechanism for grain refinement during annealing process is proposed.
There is no space without people and no people without space. The very theory of genius loci (the spirit of a place) highlights the importance of spatial identity, as it is precisely this ...prerequisite for the formation of awareness of belonging to a certain community. Urban theory, which deals with the morphological composition of the built space, focuses on recognizing existing morphological patterns and reacts to these patterns depending on the different levels of development of thought doctrines or individual interpretations of the researcher. On the other hand, the gestalt spatial-architectural theory focuses on the meaning of an individual particle and its influence on other building blocks within its spatial context. The question arises of the relationship between the patterns of the built space and their building blocks; of the relationship between urban composition and individual architecture - buildings. To intertwine these two levels of reading space, the Method for determining Architecturally Conditioned Spatial Identity (MAPPI) was developed. Using the MAPPI method, we systematically monitor and check qualitative and quantitative data about the building/settlement. The intertwining of two levels and the diversity of data verification offers a different view of the interdependence between the building/settlement, from which the possibility of determining a spatially conditioned identity arises. This can be achieved by recognizing contemporary trends in architectural identity and key changes in recent decades, as well as based on existing classifications of architectural typology. In this way, it is possible to redefine settlement and architectural typologies, their characteristics, and their spatial distribution. The various tools used in the MAPPI method are designed so that, through partial automation and data synthesis, they facilitate the determination of closed spatial entities. The applicability of the MAPPI tools and method was verified on the example of the Prebold settlement.
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•Effects of wettability and morphology patterns on frost spreading.•Frost spreading at varying substrate temperature.•Demonstration of morphology patterned surface with anti-frosting ...performance.•A simple analytical model for describing frost spreading.
Frost on a solid surface spreads essentially via building up ice bridges between condensed droplets. Modulation of condensate droplet distributions is thus an effective approach to control frost spreading. Here, we investigate the effects of both surface wettability and morphological patterns on the frost spreading velocity for various substrate surface temperatures. Our experimental results showed that the morphological patterned surfaces drastically retard frost spreading while the effect of the wettability patterned surfaces is not significant. The frost spreading velocity increases with decreasing substrate temperature on the smooth surfaces and the wettability patterned surfaces. The morphology patterned surface effectively resists frost spreading over a wide range of subcooled temperatures. A simple model is proposed to elaborate the effects of wettability, morphology, and temperature on the frost spreading velocity and the model is found to be in reasonable agreement with our experiments. Additionally, microphotography reveals ice bridging regimes in different cases. Our findings facilitate understanding of the frost spreading dynamics which can lead to the novel designs of frost-free surfaces.
Herein we present a novel light-controlled assembly system, which is fabricated by functionalizing silica nanoparticles with coumarin. This system exhibits reversible morphological changes under ...alternating irradiation with 365 nm and 254 nm light: scattered distribution pattern, firework-shaped pattern, honeycomb pattern and donut-like pattern, due to the reversible photodimerization and photocleavage of coumarin. Furthermore, this system displays reversibly controllable wettability, which can be transformed between hydrophobic and superhydrophobic upon UV light illumination based on the photoresponsive of coumarin as well. The system with these interesting characteristics provides potential applications in the synthesis of controllable nanostructures by photo-regulation and self-cleaning fields.
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